PRELIMS LECTURE Flashcards

Complete notes (68 cards)

1
Q

Old definition of toxicology

A

Basic science of a poison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

New definition of toxicology

A

Is the qualitative and quantitative study of the adverse effects of toxicants on biological organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This is any substance that causes a harmful effect to a living organism

A

Poison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Example of poison

A

muriatic acid
sulfuric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

All chemicals or drugs may cause toxic depends of dosage. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This is any chemical of natural or synthetic origin, capable of causing a harmful effect to a living organism

A

Toxicant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

It is a toxicant produced by living organisms. (From human, plants and animals)

A

Toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between the EXOTOXIN & ENDOTOXIN

A

Exotoxin- gram (+) , it has a thick cell wall and compose of 6-7 membranes
Endotoxin- gram (-), it has thin layer and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many % of LD50 (lethal dose) produce in a population?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between the Pharmacology and Toxicology?

A

Pharmacology: places more emphasis on THERAPEUTIC EFFECT of chemicals particularly drugs. It is the pharmacodynamic process.
Toxicology: Focuses more on the ADVERSE EFFECT of chemicals and other substances and focusing on risk assessment. (Example; thalidomide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is adverse event?

A

It’s the patient fault, there’s no connection on the pharmacology of the drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

An effect that is expected

A

Side effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

An effect that is unexpected

A

Adverse Event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It is the trained person that examines the nature of toxic agents’ effects including their cellular, biochemical and molecular MOA and assess the probability of their occurrence.

A

Toxicologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Categories under the Branches of Toxicology.

A

Descriptive
Regulatory
Mechanistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

It is a category of BoT that involves toxicity testing of a drug/chemical

A

Descriptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

It is a category of BoT that involves policies

A

Regulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It is a category of BoT that involves the mechanism of action of a toxin that causes toxicity

A

Mechanistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

It is the combination of descriptive and mechanistic category.

A

Clinical toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This is a toxicology branches that determines how you get disease from toxins.

A

Clinical toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It is the combination of mechanistic and regulatory. Also studies the body of a dead person

A

Forensic Toxicology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This is the connection of toxicology to pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the objectives of toxicology in Pharmaceutical research?

A

*How an organism is affected by exposure to an agent.
*How the agent moves throughout the organism
*How it may be changed by interacting with living cells and tissues
*What parts of the organism are affects by its presence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are all substances toxic?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many LD50 does a sugar have?
30,000 mg/kg
26
How many LD50 does ethanol have?
13,700 mg/kg
27
How many LD50 of water have?
slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg
28
It is the ADME of toxins in our body.
Toxicokinetic
29
3 MAJOR TYPES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
1. Chemicals - poisons, ADRs in drug toxicology 2. Physical- dusts, fibers, heat, noise, corrosive 3. Biological- pathogens
30
What is Bioharzdous waste?
-Waste product that carry the risk of causing pathogen/disease -foreign materials that is not normal in our body
31
What are the classification of toxic agents
-Plant toxins -Animal Toxins -drugs: medicines/ poisons -chemical toxins -Weapon/radioactive element
32
Types of toxic agents (with other types)
1.hepatotoxic 2. nephrotoxic 3.nuerotoxic 4. gases &vapors 5. agents attacking hemopoietic system 6. aerosols 7. pulmonary irritants 8. asphyxiants 9. primary anesthetics 10. mutagenic agents 11. teratogenic agent 12. sensitization 13. carcinogens
33
type of effect which it harmful often in a subtle or unexpected effect
Deleterious effect
34
An adverse effect of a drug produced exaggeration of the effect that produces the therapeutic response
Toxic effect
35
Type of ADR where is related to known pharmacology but undesirable, common, dose-related and predictable
Type A: Augmented
36
Type of ADR where it is unrelated to known pharmacology, rare, unpredictable, often idiosyncratic.
Type B: Bizarre
37
Examples of Type AUGMENTENTED
-Hemorrhage with anticoagulants -Respiratory depression with opioids -Sedation with anxiolytic and older antihistamine drugs
38
Examples of Type Bizarre
-anaphylaxis with penicillin -allergic liver damage by halothane -bone marrow suppression by chloramphenicol -individual allergy/ genetic basis
39
MOA OF lgE
Neutralization Bind to enhance phagocytosis Activate compliment system Activate of cell membrane
40
MOA OF lgM & lgG
Activate the compliment system and Nuetralization
41
When tetanus toxoid and vaccine applied?
Toxoid= after infected vaccine= before infected
42
increase phagocytosis
Opsonization
43
eat/engulf the damage cells that leads to cell death
Opsonization
44
MOA of lge where Activation of MAC, and punch a hole in the cell membrane of the bacteria that leads to cell lysis or cell death involves
Process of activation of compliment system
45
What are the 2 types of allergic response?
Type I: Hypersensitivity to reaction Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity involve hematological reactions
46
What are the 4 major super families receptor?
-ligand gated ion channels - GCPRs: G coupled protein receptors -enzyme -nuclear receptor
47
48
Side of effect of Chloramphenicol drug
Gray baby syndrome
49
Example drug that have Adverse drug reaction
Methamphetamine
50
ADR of Methamphetamine (Psychological)
Hallucinations Confusion Aggressive behavior Insomnia Panic attack obsessive behavior depression
51
ADR of Methamphetamine (Systemic)
Hypothermia Malnutrition Impaired Immune system
52
ADR of Methamphetamine (liver/kidney)
Damage
53
ADR of Methamphetamine (eyes)
Diluted pupil
54
ADR of Methamphetamine (mouth)
grinding of teeth
55
ADR of Methamphetamine (skin)
numbness sweating
56
ADR of Methamphetamine (muscular)
convulsions jerky movements loss of coordination increased activity
57
ADR of Methamphetamine (respiratory)
shortness of breath
58
This is a noxious or unintended responses occuring at therapeutic doses (WHO def.)
Adverse Drug Reaction
59
Example drugs for Oxidation of Nitrogen
Chlorphenamine Daxon Methenamine
60
Example drugs for Oxidation of Sulfuric
Chloramphenicol- Antibacterial Chlorpromazine- Antipsychotic Salicylic Acid- antiinflammatory Ibuprofen- NSAID Tolbutamide- NSAID
61
Example drugs for Aromatics
Phenytoin- anticoagulation Phenybarbitone- antiseizure
62
Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that promote cell cycle progression
Proto-oncogenes
63
Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that inhibit cell cycle progression
Tumor Suppressor genes
64
It is a process on making toxicity in the fetus
Teratogenesis
65
It is the drug that cause birth defect
Teratogens
66
What are the injurious agent
Chemicals poison drugs stress
67
Way of death cell that cause damage in organ
Necrosis
68
Way of death cell that can cause cell death
Apoptosis