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TOXICOLOGY > PRELIMS LECTURE > Flashcards

PRELIMS LECTURE Flashcards

Complete notes

1
Q

Old definition of toxicology

A

Basic science of a poison

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2
Q

New definition of toxicology

A

Is the qualitative and quantitative study of the adverse effects of toxicants on biological organisms.

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3
Q

This is any substance that causes a harmful effect to a living organism

A

Poison

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4
Q

Example of poison

A

muriatic acid
sulfuric acid

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5
Q

All chemicals or drugs may cause toxic depends of dosage. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

This is any chemical of natural or synthetic origin, capable of causing a harmful effect to a living organism

A

Toxicant

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7
Q

It is a toxicant produced by living organisms. (From human, plants and animals)

A

Toxin

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8
Q

What is the difference between the EXOTOXIN & ENDOTOXIN

A

Exotoxin- gram (+) , it has a thick cell wall and compose of 6-7 membranes
Endotoxin- gram (-), it has thin layer and

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9
Q

How many % of LD50 (little dose) produce in a population?

A

50%

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10
Q

What is the difference between the Pharmacology and Toxicology?

A

Pharmacology: places more emphasis on THERAPEUTIC EFFECT of chemicals particularly drugs. It is the pharmacodynamic process.
Toxicology: Focuses more on the ADVERSE EFFECT of chemicals and other substances and focusing on risk assessment. (Example; thalidomide)

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11
Q

What is adverse event?

A

It’s the patient fault, there’s no connection on the pharmacology of the drug.

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12
Q

An effect that is expected

A

Side effect

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13
Q

An effect that is unexpected

A

Adverse Event

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14
Q

It is the trained person that examines the nature of toxic agents’ effects including their cellular, biochemical and molecular MOA and assess the probability of their occurrence.

A

Toxicologist

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15
Q

Categories under the Branches of Toxicology.

A

Descriptive
Regulatory
Mechanistic

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16
Q

It is a category of BoT that involves toxicity testing of a drug/chemical

A

Descriptive

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17
Q

It is a category of BoT that involves policies

A

Regulatory

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18
Q

It is a category of BoT that involves the mechanism of action of a toxin that causes toxicity

A

Mechanistic

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19
Q

It is the combination of descriptive and mechanistic category.

A

Clinical toxicology

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20
Q

This is a toxicology branches that determines how you get disease from toxins.

A

Clinical toxicology

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21
Q

It is the combination of mechanistic and regulatory. Also studies the body of a dead person

A

Forensic Toxicology

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22
Q

This is the connection of toxicology to pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacology

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23
Q

What are the objectives of toxicology in Pharmaceutical research?

A

*How an organism is affected by exposure to an agent.
*How the agent moves throughout the organism
*How it may be changed by interacting with living cells and tissues
*What parts of the organism are affects by its presence.

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24
Q

Are all substances toxic?

A

YES

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25
Q

How many LD50 does a sugar have?

A

30,000 mg/kg

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26
Q

How many LD50 does ethanol have?

A

13,700 mg/kg

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27
Q

How many LD50 of water have?

A

slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg

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28
Q

It is the ADME of toxins in our body.

A

Toxicokinetic

29
Q

3 MAJOR TYPES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES

A
  1. Chemicals - poisons, ADRs in drug toxicology
  2. Physical- dusts, fibers, heat, noise, corrosive
  3. Biological- pathogens
30
Q

What is Bioharzdous waste?

A

-Waste product that carry the risk of causing pathogen/disease
-foreign materials that is not normal in our body

31
Q

What are the classification of toxic agents

A

-Plant toxins
-Animal Toxins
-drugs: medicines/ poisons
-chemical toxins
-Weapon/radioactive element

32
Q

Types of toxic agents (with other types)

A

1.hepatotoxic
2. nephrotoxic
3.nuerotoxic
4. gases &vapors
5. agents attacking hemopoietic system
6. aerosols
7. pulmonary irritants
8. asphyxiants
9. primary anesthetics
10. mutagenic agents
11. teratogenic agent
12. sensitization
13. carcinogens

33
Q

type of effect which it harmful often in a subtle or unexpected effect

A

Deleterious effect

34
Q

An adverse effect of a drug produced exaggeration of the effect that produces the therapeutic response

A

Toxic effect

35
Q

Type of ADR where is related to known pharmacology but undesirable, common, dose-related and predictable

A

Type A: Augmented

36
Q

Type of ADR where it is unrelated to known pharmacology, rare, unpredictable, often idiosyncratic.

A

Type B: Bizarre

37
Q

Examples of Type AUGMENTENTED

A

-Hemorrhage with anticoagulants
-Respiratory depression with opioids
-Sedation with anxiolytic and older antihistamine drugs

38
Q

Examples of Type Bizarre

A

-anaphylaxis with penicillin
-allergic liver damage by halothane
-bone marrow suppression by chloramphenicol
-individual allergy/ genetic basis

39
Q

MOA OF lgE

A

Neutralization
Bind to enhance phagocytosis
Activate compliment system
Activate of cell membrane

40
Q

MOA OF lgM & lgG

A

Activate the compliment system
and Nuetralization

41
Q

When tetanus toxoid and vaccine applied?

A

Toxoid= after infected
vaccine= before infected

42
Q

increase phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

43
Q

eat/engulf the damage cells that leads to cell death

A

Opsonization

44
Q

MOA of lge where Activation of MAC, and punch a hole in the cell membrane of the bacteria that leads to cell lysis or cell death involves

A

Process of activation of compliment system

45
Q

What are the 2 types of allergic response?

A

Type I: Hypersensitivity to reaction
Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity involve hematological reactions

46
Q

What are the 4 major super families receptor?

A

-ligand gated ion channels
- GCPRs: G coupled protein receptors
-enzyme
-nuclear receptor

47
Q
A
48
Q

Side of effect of Chloramphenicol drug

A

Gray baby syndrome

49
Q

Example drug that have Adverse drug reaction

A

Methamphetamine

50
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (Psychological)

A

Hallucinations
Confusion
Aggressive behavior
Insomnia
Panic attack
obsessive behavior
depression

51
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (Systemic)

A

Hypothermia
Malnutrition
Impaired Immune system

52
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (liver/kidney)

A

Damage

53
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (eyes)

A

Diluted pupil

54
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (mouth)

A

grinding of teeth

55
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (skin)

A

numbness
sweating

56
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (muscular)

A

convulsions
jerky movements
loss of coordination
increased activity

57
Q

ADR of Methamphetamine (respiratory)

A

shortness of breath

58
Q

This is a noxious or unintended responses occuring at therapeutic doses (WHO def.)

A

Adverse Drug Reaction

59
Q

Example drugs for Oxidation of Nitrogen

A

Chlorphenamine
Daxon
Methenamine

60
Q

Example drugs for Oxidation of Sulfuric

A

Chloramphenicol- Antibacterial
Chlorpromazine- Antipsychotic
Salicylic Acid- antiinflammatory
Ibuprofen- NSAID
Tolbutamide- NSAID

61
Q

Example drugs for Aromatics

A

Phenytoin- anticoagulation
Phenybarbitone- antiseizure

62
Q

Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that promote cell cycle progression

A

Proto-oncogenes

63
Q

Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that inhibit cell cycle progression

A

Tumor Suppressor genes

64
Q

It is a process on making toxicity in the fetus

A

Teratogenesis

65
Q

It is the drug that cause birth defect

A

Teratogens

66
Q

What are the injurious agent

A

Chemicals
poison
drugs
stress

67
Q

Way of death cell that cause damage in organ

A

Necrosis

68
Q

Way of death cell that can cause cell death

A

Apoptosis

TOXICOLOGY (4 decks)

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