PRELIMS LECTURE

Question 1

Old definition of toxicology

Answer 1

Basic science of a poison

Question 2

New definition of toxicology

Answer 2

Is the qualitative and quantitative study of the adverse effects of toxicants on biological organisms.

Question 3

This is any substance that causes a harmful effect to a living organism

Answer 3

Poison

Question 4

Example of poison

Answer 4

muriatic acid
sulfuric acid

Question 5

All chemicals or drugs may cause toxic depends of dosage. True or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

This is any chemical of natural or synthetic origin, capable of causing a harmful effect to a living organism

Answer 6

Toxicant

Question 7

It is a toxicant produced by living organisms. (From human, plants and animals)

Answer 7

Toxin

Question 8

What is the difference between the EXOTOXIN & ENDOTOXIN

Answer 8

Exotoxin- gram (+) , it has a thick cell wall and compose of 6-7 membranes
Endotoxin- gram (-), it has thin layer and

Question 9

How many % of LD50 (lethal dose) produce in a population?

Answer 9

50%

Question 10

What is the difference between the Pharmacology and Toxicology?

Answer 10

Pharmacology: places more emphasis on THERAPEUTIC EFFECT of chemicals particularly drugs. It is the pharmacodynamic process.
Toxicology: Focuses more on the ADVERSE EFFECT of chemicals and other substances and focusing on risk assessment. (Example; thalidomide)

Question 11

What is adverse event?

Answer 11

It’s the patient fault, there’s no connection on the pharmacology of the drug.

Question 12

An effect that is expected

Answer 12

Side effect

Question 13

An effect that is unexpected

Answer 13

Adverse Event

Question 14

It is the trained person that examines the nature of toxic agents’ effects including their cellular, biochemical and molecular MOA and assess the probability of their occurrence.

Answer 14

Toxicologist

Question 15

Categories under the Branches of Toxicology.

Answer 15

Descriptive
Regulatory
Mechanistic

Question 16

It is a category of BoT that involves toxicity testing of a drug/chemical

Answer 16

Descriptive

Question 17

It is a category of BoT that involves policies

Answer 17

Regulatory

Question 18

It is a category of BoT that involves the mechanism of action of a toxin that causes toxicity

Answer 18

Mechanistic

Question 19

It is the combination of descriptive and mechanistic category.

Answer 19

Clinical toxicology

Question 20

This is a toxicology branches that determines how you get disease from toxins.

Answer 20

Clinical toxicology

Question 21

It is the combination of mechanistic and regulatory. Also studies the body of a dead person

Answer 21

Forensic Toxicology

Question 22

This is the connection of toxicology to pharmacodynamics

Answer 22

Pharmacology

Question 23

What are the objectives of toxicology in Pharmaceutical research?

Answer 23

*How an organism is affected by exposure to an agent.
*How the agent moves throughout the organism
*How it may be changed by interacting with living cells and tissues
*What parts of the organism are affects by its presence.

Question 24

Are all substances toxic?

Answer 24

YES

Question 25

How many LD50 does a sugar have?

Answer 25

30,000 mg/kg

Question 26

How many LD50 does ethanol have?

Answer 26

13,700 mg/kg

Question 27

How many LD50 of water have?

Answer 27

slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg

Question 28

It is the ADME of toxins in our body.

Answer 28

Toxicokinetic

Question 29

3 MAJOR TYPES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Answer 29

1. Chemicals - poisons, ADRs in drug toxicology 2. Physical- dusts, fibers, heat, noise, corrosive 3. Biological- pathogens

Question 30

What is Bioharzdous waste?

Answer 30

-Waste product that carry the risk of causing pathogen/disease -foreign materials that is not normal in our body

Question 31

What are the classification of toxic agents

Answer 31

-Plant toxins -Animal Toxins -drugs: medicines/ poisons -chemical toxins -Weapon/radioactive element

Question 32

Types of toxic agents (with other types)

Answer 32

1.hepatotoxic 2. nephrotoxic 3.nuerotoxic 4. gases &vapors 5. agents attacking hemopoietic system 6. aerosols 7. pulmonary irritants 8. asphyxiants 9. primary anesthetics 10. mutagenic agents 11. teratogenic agent 12. sensitization 13. carcinogens

Question 33

type of effect which it harmful often in a subtle or unexpected effect

Answer 33

Deleterious effect

Question 34

An adverse effect of a drug produced exaggeration of the effect that produces the therapeutic response

Answer 34

Toxic effect

Question 35

Type of ADR where is related to known pharmacology but undesirable, common, dose-related and predictable

Answer 35

Type A: Augmented

Question 36

Type of ADR where it is unrelated to known pharmacology, rare, unpredictable, often idiosyncratic.

Answer 36

Type B: Bizarre

Question 37

Examples of Type AUGMENTENTED

Answer 37

-Hemorrhage with anticoagulants -Respiratory depression with opioids -Sedation with anxiolytic and older antihistamine drugs

Question 38

Examples of Type Bizarre

Answer 38

-anaphylaxis with penicillin -allergic liver damage by halothane -bone marrow suppression by chloramphenicol -individual allergy/ genetic basis

Question 39

MOA OF lgE

Answer 39

Neutralization Bind to enhance phagocytosis Activate compliment system Activate of cell membrane

Question 40

MOA OF lgM & lgG

Answer 40

Activate the compliment system and Nuetralization

Question 41

When tetanus toxoid and vaccine applied?

Answer 41

Toxoid= after infected vaccine= before infected

Question 42

increase phagocytosis

Answer 42

Opsonization

Question 43

eat/engulf the damage cells that leads to cell death

Answer 43

Opsonization

Question 44

MOA of lge where Activation of MAC, and punch a hole in the cell membrane of the bacteria that leads to cell lysis or cell death involves

Answer 44

Process of activation of compliment system

Question 45

What are the 2 types of allergic response?

Answer 45

Type I: Hypersensitivity to reaction Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity involve hematological reactions

Question 46

What are the 4 major super families receptor?

Answer 46

-ligand gated ion channels - GCPRs: G coupled protein receptors -enzyme -nuclear receptor

Question 48

Side of effect of Chloramphenicol drug

Answer 48

Gray baby syndrome

Question 49

Example drug that have Adverse drug reaction

Answer 49

Methamphetamine

Question 50

ADR of Methamphetamine (Psychological)

Answer 50

Hallucinations Confusion Aggressive behavior Insomnia Panic attack obsessive behavior depression

Question 51

ADR of Methamphetamine (Systemic)

Answer 51

Hypothermia Malnutrition Impaired Immune system

Question 52

ADR of Methamphetamine (liver/kidney)

Answer 52

Damage

Question 53

ADR of Methamphetamine (eyes)

Answer 53

Diluted pupil

Question 54

ADR of Methamphetamine (mouth)

Answer 54

grinding of teeth

Question 55

ADR of Methamphetamine (skin)

Answer 55

numbness sweating

Question 56

ADR of Methamphetamine (muscular)

Answer 56

convulsions jerky movements loss of coordination increased activity

Question 57

ADR of Methamphetamine (respiratory)

Answer 57

shortness of breath

Question 58

This is a noxious or unintended responses occuring at therapeutic doses (WHO def.)

Answer 58

Adverse Drug Reaction

Question 59

Example drugs for Oxidation of Nitrogen

Answer 59

Chlorphenamine Daxon Methenamine

Question 60

Example drugs for Oxidation of Sulfuric

Answer 60

Chloramphenicol- Antibacterial Chlorpromazine- Antipsychotic Salicylic Acid- antiinflammatory Ibuprofen- NSAID Tolbutamide- NSAID

Question 61

Example drugs for Aromatics

Answer 61

Phenytoin- anticoagulation Phenybarbitone- antiseizure

Question 62

Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that promote cell cycle progression

Answer 62

Proto-oncogenes

Question 63

Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that inhibit cell cycle progression

Answer 63

Tumor Suppressor genes

Question 64

It is a process on making toxicity in the fetus

Answer 64

Teratogenesis

Question 65

It is the drug that cause birth defect

Answer 65

Teratogens

Question 66

What are the injurious agent

Answer 66

Chemicals poison drugs stress

Question 67

Way of death cell that cause damage in organ

Answer 67

Necrosis

Question 68

Way of death cell that can cause cell death

Answer 68

Apoptosis