Prematurity

Question 1

What is the definition of a preterm infant?

Answer 1

An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation.

Question 2

What is the definition of low birth weight (LBW)?

Answer 2

Birth weight less than 2500 grams.

Question 3

What is the definition of very low birth weight (VLBW)?

Answer 3

Birth weight between 1000 and 1500 grams.

Question 4

What is the definition of extremely low birth weight (ELBW)?

Answer 4

Birth weight less than 1000 grams.

Question 5

What is the most common cause of preterm birth?

Answer 5

Fetal distress, multiple gestation, and maternal infections.

Question 6

What is the most common respiratory problem in preterm infants?

Answer 6

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Question 7

What is the primary cause of RDS?

Answer 7

Surfactant deficiency in the lungs.

Question 8

What is the typical presentation of RDS?

Answer 8

Tachypnea, grunting, retractions, nasal flaring, and cyanosis.

Question 9

What is the treatment for RDS?

Answer 9

Surfactant replacement therapy and mechanical ventilation.

Question 10

What is the typical presentation of apnea of prematurity?

Answer 10

Cessation of breathing for >20 seconds, often with bradycardia and cyanosis.

Question 11

What is the treatment for apnea of prematurity?

Answer 11

Methylxanthines (e.g., caffeine) and continuous monitoring.

Question 12

What is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in preterm infants?

Answer 12

Decreased glucose stores and increased glucose utilization.

Question 13

What is the treatment for neonatal hypoglycemia?

Answer 13

IV dextrose (10%) and frequent enteral feeding.

Question 14

What is the typical presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)?

Answer 14

Abdominal distension, bilious vomiting, bloody stools, and systemic instability.

Question 15

What is the treatment for NEC?

Answer 15

NPO (nothing by mouth), antibiotics, and surgical intervention if perforation occurs.

Question 16

What is the typical presentation of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants?

Answer 16

Hypotension, apnea, and seizures, often detected by cranial ultrasound.

Question 17

What is the typical presentation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?

Answer 17

Chronic lung disease requiring oxygen therapy beyond 28 days of life.

Question 18

What is the typical presentation of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)?

Answer 18

Abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina, leading to potential blindness.

Question 19

What is the typical presentation of osteopenia of prematurity?

Answer 19

Fractures, rickets, and poor bone mineralization due to calcium and phosphate deficiency.

Question 20

What is the typical presentation of anemia of prematurity?

Answer 20

Pallor, poor feeding, and lethargy due to decreased red blood cell production.

Question 21

What is the treatment for anemia of prematurity?

Answer 21

Iron supplementation and, in severe cases, blood transfusion.

Question 22

What is the typical presentation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants?

Answer 22

Heart murmur, widened pulse pressure, and respiratory distress.

Question 23

What is the treatment for PDA?

Answer 23

Indomethacin or surgical ligation if medical treatment fails.

Question 24

What is the typical presentation of neonatal sepsis?

Answer 24

Temperature instability, respiratory distress, and poor feeding.

Question 25

What is the treatment for neonatal sepsis?

Answer 25

Broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive care.

Question 26

What is the typical presentation of neonatal jaundice?

Answer 26

Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera due to hyperbilirubinemia.

Question 27

What is the treatment for neonatal jaundice?

Answer 27

Phototherapy and, in severe cases, exchange transfusion.

Question 28

What is the typical presentation of hypothermia in preterm infants?

Answer 28

Temperature <36.5°C, lethargy, and poor feeding.

Question 29

What is the treatment for hypothermia in preterm infants?

Answer 29

Warming measures (e.g., radiant warmer, skin-to-skin care).

Question 30

What is the typical presentation of hyperbilirubinemia in preterm infants?

Answer 30

Jaundice, lethargy, and poor feeding due to elevated bilirubin levels.

Question 31

What is the treatment for hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 31

Phototherapy and, in severe cases, exchange transfusion.

Question 32

What is the typical presentation of neonatal hypoglycemia?

Answer 32

Jitteriness, seizures, and poor feeding due to low blood glucose levels.

Question 33

What is the treatment for neonatal hypoglycemia?

Answer 33

IV dextrose (10%) and frequent enteral feeding.

Question 34

What is the typical presentation of neonatal hypocalcemia?

Answer 34

Jitteriness, seizures, and poor feeding due to low calcium levels.

Question 35

What is the treatment for neonatal hypocalcemia?

Answer 35

Calcium gluconate IV and oral calcium supplementation.

Question 36

What is the typical presentation of neonatal hyperglycemia?

Answer 36

Polyuria, dehydration, and poor feeding due to high blood glucose levels.

Question 37

What is the treatment for neonatal hyperglycemia?

Answer 37

Insulin therapy and adjustment of IV fluids.

Question 38

What is the typical presentation of neonatal polycythemia?

Answer 38

Plethora, respiratory distress, and hypoglycemia due to high hematocrit levels.

Question 39

What is the treatment for neonatal polycythemia?

Answer 39

Partial exchange transfusion if symptomatic.

Question 40

What is the typical presentation of neonatal thrombocytopenia?

Answer 40

Petechiae, bruising, and bleeding due to low platelet counts.

Question 41

What is the treatment for neonatal thrombocytopenia?

Answer 41

Platelet transfusion if bleeding or very low platelet counts.

Question 42

What is the typical presentation of neonatal neutropenia?

Answer 42

Increased risk of infection due to low neutrophil counts.

Question 43

What is the treatment for neonatal neutropenia?

Answer 43

Antibiotics and, in severe cases, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF).

Question 44

What is the typical presentation of neonatal meningitis?

Answer 44

Fever, lethargy, seizures, and poor feeding due to CNS infection.

Question 45

What is the treatment for neonatal meningitis?

Answer 45

Broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive care.

Question 46

What is the typical presentation of neonatal pneumonia?

Answer 46

Respiratory distress, fever, and poor feeding due to lung infection.

Question 47

What is the treatment for neonatal pneumonia?

Answer 47

Antibiotics and respiratory support.

Question 48

What is the typical presentation of neonatal urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Answer 48

Fever, poor feeding, and failure to thrive due to kidney or bladder infection.

Question 49

What is the treatment for neonatal UTI?

Answer 49

Antibiotics and hydration.

Question 50

What is the typical presentation of neonatal conjunctivitis?

Answer 50

Redness, discharge, and swelling of the eyes due to infection.

Question 51

What is the treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis?

Answer 51

Topical or systemic antibiotics depending on the cause.