presentation questions final

Question 1

how does the current rate at which CO2 is released into the atmosphere compare to CO2 rates of the past?

Answer 1

it is faster than any previously recorded rate

Question 2

which marine organisms are the most vulnerable to ocean acidification?

Answer 2

sea stars, anemones, fish, crenoids

Question 3

why have some oyster hatcheries gone bankrupt or left the state of Florida?

Answer 3

increasing ocean acidification resulting in less efficient calcification

Question 4

how much has the ocean’s pH dropped since before the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 4

0.1

Question 5

in the Arctic Ocean, the freshwater coming from melted ice ____

Answer 5

rises to the top

Question 6

phytoplankton population is _______ due to ice melting

Answer 6

growing

Question 7

what is the effect of melting ice on seabird populations?

Answer 7

population is decreasing

Question 8

how is the melting sea ice changing the crust in the Arctic Ocean?

Answer 8

the crust is rising underneath

Question 9

data from a minimum of ____ is required to accurately evaluate the ENSO continuum

Answer 9

300-500 years

Question 10

how does warming affect the vertical distribution of water?

Answer 10

mixing is decreased

Question 11

what are the ways ENSO effects economics?

Answer 11

it affects both agriculture and tourism revenue

Question 12

what is a factor of the minimum sound speed in most of the ocean?

Answer 12

salinity

Question 13

what is the SOFAR channel?

Answer 13

a channel in the ocean that allows sound to carry great distances

Question 14

what is a type of anthropogenic noise in the ocean?

Answer 14

vessel noise

Question 15

what could affect the SOFAR channel’s location and function?

Answer 15

vessel noise

Question 16

what do whales rely on the SOFAR channel for?

Answer 16

all of the above

Question 17

which of the following is a fishing method that contributes to the overfishing of tuna?

Answer 17

all of the above

Question 18

which best defines overfishing?

Answer 18

when a species is removed from the population at a rate which they cannot replenish

Question 19

what is the economic impact of overfishing?

Answer 19

decrease in food and economic security

Question 20

define pirate fishing

Answer 20

illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing

Question 21

what is not a reason for the need for seafloor mining?

Answer 21

ecosystem benefit

Question 22

which ecosystem is most targeted by seafloor mining?

Answer 22

hydrothermal vents and microbial mats

Question 23

what marine environment would seafloor mining affect?

Answer 23

all of the above

Question 24

what is the purpose of seafloor mining?

Answer 24

extracting rich ocean-floor sediments

Question 25

what are the potential environmental effects of seafloor mining?

Answer 25

all of the above

Question 26

who introduced the concept of Ocean Acoustic Tomography?

Answer 26

Walter Munk and Carl Wunsch

Question 27

which layer of the ocean is the SOFAR channel found in?

Answer 27

thermocline

Question 28

the speed of sound waves in the ocean is mostly impacted by ____ and _____

Answer 28

temperature and pressure

Question 29

the SOFAR depth closest to the poles is around

Answer 29

100 m

Question 30

which animal is often associated with the SOFAR channel?

Answer 30

whales

Question 31

what is the main cause of coral reef and coastline degradation?

Answer 31

climate change

Question 32

what are the future projections of wind strength and wave height

Answer 32

wave height will increase and wind strength will increase

Question 33

which of the following is a preventative measure that coastal communities use to slow down erosion?

Answer 33

all of the above

Question 34

which are affected by coral reef and coastline degradation?

Answer 34

all of the above

Question 35

how does the loss of coral reefs leave some fish more susceptible to predation?

Answer 35

reef fish use reefs as protection from predators, leaving them exposed if there is no coral to hide in

Question 36

what does excess heat do to the algae living in coral reefs?

Answer 36

expels them from their polyps, turning coral white

Question 37

what is the leading greenhouse gas contributing to climate change and coral reef death?

Answer 37

carbon dioxide

Question 38

why is it a problem that nutrients aren't reaching the seafloor?

Answer 38

few nutrients naturally occur on the seafloor and deep-sea organisms rely on recycled nutrients for metabolism and survival

Question 39

what island is home to five sea turtle nesting beaches in Africa?

Answer 39

Bioko Island

Question 40

how much has the sea level rose since the 1880s?

Answer 40

8-9 inches

Question 41

what is the main contributor to sea-level rise?

Answer 41

climate change

Question 42

what is not a potential impact of sea-level rise?

Answer 42

volcano formation

Question 43

how was an island in the Phillipines able to adapt to sea-level rise in the area?

Answer 43

built their houses on stilts

Question 44

why are hypoxic zones called "dead zones"?

Answer 44

all organisms die out or leave

Question 45

how does hypoxia occur?

Answer 45

decomposition of bacteria and algae in the water consume the available oxygen in the water

Question 46

what does the term hypoxic mean?

Answer 46

most of the water's oxygen is lost

Question 47

what is the term used for when there is an excess amount of nutrients in a body of water?

Answer 47

eutrophication

Question 48

what does the term anoxic mean?

Answer 48

all available oxygen in the water is lost

Question 49

at its peak, how many barrels of oil were predicted to be spewed into the Gulf of Mexico per day?

Answer 49

60,000

Question 50

how many sea turtles were estimated to be exposed to oil from the Deepwater Horizon?

Answer 50

400,000

Question 51

during what months are prime spawning for Bluefin Tuna?

Answer 51

April-May

Question 52

what was not a morphological abnormality in Bluefin Tuna after the DWH oil spill?

Answer 52

reduced lung capacity

Question 53

what percentage of dolphin pregnancies were successful in the wake of the DWH oil spill?

Answer 53

20%

Question 54

which country contributes the most amount of plastic pollution into our ocean?

Answer 54

China

Question 55

what type of organisms are the main contributors in helping coral reefs survive and maintain that niche?

Answer 55

zooxanthellae

Question 56

when did the coastal zone management act pass?

Answer 56

1972

Question 57

what is a hard structure that can be used to prevent beach erosion?

Answer 57

sea wall

Question 58

which is not affected by the decline of coral reefs?

Answer 58

climate change

Question 59

what part of the reef is responsible for breaking waves on an atoll?

Answer 59

fore reef slope

Question 60

what is the leading cause of coral degradation?

Answer 60

climate change

Question 61

what are the 4 main types of alternate ocean energy?

Answer 61

wind, tidal, wave, and thermal

Question 62

why is it important to switch to alternative energy?

Answer 62

because alternative energy is a more environmentally sustainable way to generate energy

Question 63

what year did Bob Ballard discover hydrothermal vents?

Answer 63

1977

Question 64

climate change can alter Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns that will affect ____ to deep-sea regions where hydrothermal vent ecosystems occur

Answer 64

ocean currents

Question 65

what anthropogenic disturbance will cause the most damage to the seafloor and surrounding hydrothermal vent communities?

Answer 65

mineral extraction

Question 66

how do organisms that live near hydrothermal vents rely on chemosynthetic bacteria?

Answer 66

bacteria are used as a food source

Question 67

what is the toxin produced by Karenia brevis?

Answer 67

brevetoxin

Question 68

what is the manatee closely related to

Answer 68

dugong

Question 69

Karenia brevis is a

Answer 69

dinoflagellate

Question 70

the toxin of Karenia brevis is what kind of toxin?

Answer 70

neurotoxin

Question 71

what is marine snow?

Answer 71

falling sediment combined with organic matter

Question 72

where was the Deepwater Horizon spill?

Answer 72

Gulf of Mexico

Question 73

what year was the DWH oil spill?

Answer 73

2010

Question 74

which of the following is not a destructive fishing practice in the coral triangle?

Answer 74

rod and reel fishing

Question 75

what is one of the effects of overfishing in shallow water reefs?

Answer 75

"top-down" effect

Question 76

which of the following is not a way to help prevent overfishing?

Answer 76

increase fish demand and consumption

Question 77

which levels of the food chain can overfish affect?

Answer 77

A,B, C