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Question 0

29-year-old female complains of dysphagia for liquids and solids, and difficulty belching. She states 3 months ago a physician prescribed her pills for this problem which helped, but the symptoms progressively returned and now are severe. A barium test reveals a distended of esophagus with a “bird beak” appearance of LES. The study demonstrates a smooth contour of the mucosa. What is most likely associated with the patients problem?

Answer 0

Malfunction or absence of the NO-containing neurons from the myenteric plexus of the distal esophagus

Question 1

When injecting high doses of insulin into a patient with a hyperglycemic state, what should be recovered along with the insulin administration?

Answer 1

Potassium

Question 2

Receptive relaxation of the stomach is abolished by

Answer 2

vagotomy

Question 3

Type I diabetes may be caused by

Answer 3

autoimmune processes

Question 4

The action potential’s depolarization phase generated by the gastric pacemaker cells is due to the activation of

Answer 4

Ca++ channels

Question 5

A patient in a fasting state of over 24 hours will present with what metabolic reaction?

Answer 5

Suppressed Glycogenesis

Question 6

Emptying gastric contents into the small intestine is strictly controlled. What accurately describes the velocity of gastric emptying?

Answer 6

Lower pH in the stomach results in a slower rate of emptying

Question 7

What is an action of cortisol?

Answer 7

Increase protein catabolism

Question 8

In an adult male, the duodenum mucosal release of CCK was not working properly, which phase of pancreatic secretion would be interfered with?

Answer 8

Intestinal phase

Question 9

A normal person is given an injection of aldosterone. This causes

Answer 9

Increase potassium excretion

Question 10

What pair of hormones regulate pancreatic secretion and act synergistically?

Answer 10

H+, Enterokinase, Trypsin

Question 11

A patient with Cushing’s disease will have high

Answer 11

glucose levels

Question 12

What plays the physiologically most important role in the inhibition of gastric secretion?

Answer 12

Acidification of the pylorus

Question 13

A patient comes to your office complaining of headache and swelling of his feet. When taking labs you identify high levels of aldosterone. What is consistent with hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 13

hypernatremia

Question 14

The up-hill transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into the absorbing cells depends on

Answer 14

sodium-dependent glucose transporter

Question 15

The effects of parathyroid hormone on absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract are mediated by

Answer 15

increase production of 1,25-(OH)2 [Vitamin D]

Question 16

What most accurately describes the mechanism of amino acids uptake from the intestinal lumen?

Answer 16

cross the mucosal membrane by a secondary active transport process requiring the Na+ gradient

Question 17

A person has had his parathyroid glands removed accidentally during neck surgery. What would be observed?

Answer 17

Decrease urinary excretion of phosphate

Question 18

Actions of 1,25-(OH)2- Vitamin D include?

Answer 18

Increase absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal track

Question 19

A 46-year-old female has history of epigastric pain which is not periodic and not related to meals. It is relieved by antacids. She also has diarrhea and steatorrhea. Basal HCl secretion rate after an overnight fast was 25 mEq/hour, and this could be increase to 40 mEq/hour by the augmented histamine test. Radiological exam shows a gastric ulcer. An increased level of “gastrin-like” substance found in her plasma. Following surgical removal of a pancreatic tumor, her epigastric pain and diarrhea disappeared and her acid secretion was ____. What would be expected as a consequence of high plasma levels of “gastin-like” substance?

Answer 19

Pancreatic enzyme activation was severely reduced in the duodenum

Question 20

In a patient suffering from secondary hyperparathyroidism, you would expect to find

Answer 20

Low levels of Ca++ in plasma

Question 21

In a 44-year-old patient with pernicious anemia related to atrophy of the gastric mucosa, you would most likely find

Answer 21

Deficit in HCl secretion

Question 22

What is true regarding spermatogenesis?

Answer 22

FSH stimulates sertoli cell for maturation

Question 23

The ileum is the principal site for absorption of

Answer 23

bile salts

Question 24

During fetal development, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is responsible for?

Answer 24

maturation of external genitalia

Question 25

A 50-year-old female comes to your office complaining that her last menstrual cycle was 3 months ago. You assume the patient is going through menopause and you explain the importance of Estrogen actions. What is true of the actions of estrogen?

Answer 25

Increase alveolar breast development

Question 26

A 52-year-old male complains of burning epigastric pain that decreases after a meal only to appear again 3 hours after eating. Endoscopy reveals normal stomach function and the presence of duodenal ulcers. Gastric HCl secretion is likely to be reduced by?

Answer 26

Blocking histamine receptors

Question 27

A 52-year-old male complains of burning epigastric pain that decreases after a meal only to appear again 3 hours after eating. Endoscopy reveals normal stomach function and the presence of duodenal ulcers. What treatment could be used to reduce Gastric HCl secretion?

Answer 27

Blocking proton pump

Question 28

In a women in her 40s or 50s you recommend hormone therapy and Ca++ supplement because during menopause

Answer 28

The absence of estrogen promotes the bone resorption

Question 29

During the 2nd and 3rd trimester, the main source of estrogen production is?

Answer 29

the placenta

Question 30

An example of positive feedback mechanism could be explained by

Answer 30

correlation of FSH and estrogen during the menstrual cycle

Question 31

A 30-year-old female complains of constant headaches. Labs reveal a prolactin level of 250 ug/mL (normal range is 2.2-19.3 ug/mL). Head CT shows a 3mm microadenoma. You would recommend treatment with?

Answer 31

A dopamine agonist

Question 32

During the third trimester, pregnant woman develop adema. This can be explained by?

Answer 32

increase capillary hydrostatic pressure in the legs

Question 33

Growth hormone is most directly inhibited by

Answer 33

somatostatin

Question 34

A pregnancy nears completion, the uterus becomes very sensitive to oxytocin due to?

Answer 34

uterine prostaglandin synthesis

Question 35

Excess tyroxine administration would most likely?

Answer 35

Increase GI motility

Question 36

A 26-year-old male with a three year history of progressive dysphagia. He started with feeling of pressure in the __ternal notch after swallowing any solid food. But in the last 6 months it has been continuous with every meal. He refers regurgitation when lying down and heart. Xray shows dilated esophagus with smooth narrowing of the distal esophagus without evidence of intraluminal mass in the esophagus or stomach. An air-fluid level is seen. What disorder is the most likely cause of these findings?

Answer 36

Alchalasia

Question 37

Dopamine therapy is contraindicated in lactating women because it:

Answer 37

inhibits prolactin secretion

Question 38

If you wished to distinguish between primary (thyroid) and secondary (pituitary) causes in a confirmed case of hypothyroidism, you should measure plasma

Answer 38

Plasma TSH

Question 39

The milk let-down during ejection is due to:

Answer 39

suction of the nipples and stimulation of oxytocin

Question 40

A dietary deficiency of iodine with increase the ___metabolic rate

Answer 40

T3

Question 41

Fatty acids are absorbed at the brush border membrane of the GI tract by:

Answer 41

Simple diffusion

Question 42

A 30-year-old patient is at the end of the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Her HR is 70 bpm, BP is 110/68. The patient presented nausea and vomiting almost every morning during the first 9 weeks causing her to lose 3 lbs of weight. Now she said she feels very well. What hormones released during pregnancy reaches its maximal peak of secretion during the first trimester?

Answer 42

hCG