Primer Parcial

Question 1

What are the 4 stages in the natural history of a disease?

Answer 1

Stage of susceptibility
Stage of pre-symptomatic (subclinical)
Stage of clinical disease
Stage of disability, recovery or death

Question 2

In this stage, the disease hasn’t yet developed, but the groundwork has been laid by the presence of factors that favor its occurrence

Answer 2

Stage of susceptibility

Question 3

In this stage, there are no manifestations of the disease but pathological changes (damages) have started to occur inside the body

Answer 3

Stage of pre-symptomatic (subclinical)

Question 4

Difference between signs and symptoms

Answer 4

Signs are seen and symptoms aren’t

Question 5

At this stage, the person has developed signs and symptoms of the disease

Answer 5

Clinical stage

Question 6

This stage is after the disease; it may end in a disability, recovery of the disease or death

Answer 6

Stage of disability, recovery, or death

Question 7

Means to interrupt or slow the progress of disease

Answer 7

Disease prevention

Question 8

What are the three levels of prevention?

Answer 8

Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

Question 9

The main objectives of this level of prevention are promoting health, preventing exposures, and prevention of disease

Answer 9

Primary prevention

Question 10

Name the three components of primary prevention

Answer 10

Health promotion
Prevention of exposure
Prevention of disease

Question 11

Primary prevention component that consists of general non-specific interventions that enhance health and the body’s ability to resist disease

Answer 11

Health promotion

Question 12

Primary prevention component that is the avoidance of factors which may cause disease if an individual is exposed to them

Answer 12

Prevention of exposure

Question 13

Primary prevention component that is the prevention of disease development after the individual has become exposed to the disease causing factors

Answer 13

Prevention of disease

Question 14

The objective of this level of prevention is to stop or slow the progression of disease so as to prevent or limit permanent damage

Answer 14

Secondary prevention

Question 15

This level of prevention is targeted toward people with permanent damage or disability. Its objectives are treatment to prevent further disability or death and to limit physical, psychological, social, and financial impact of disability

Answer 15

Tertiary prevention

Question 16

Complex network of interacting cells, cell products and tissues that protect the body from pathogens and other foreign substances

Answer 16

Immune system

Question 17

Is the capacity of the organism to remove or to eliminate strange substances, pathogenic, and cancerous cells

Answer 17

Immunity

Question 18

Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that usually keep pathogens on the outside of the body

Answer 18

1st line of defense

Question 19

Innate immunity; it begins after a tissue is damaged, or after antigen is detected inside the body

Answer 19

2nd line of defense

Question 20

White blood cells divide to form huge populations that target a specific antigen and destroy anything bearing it

Answer 20

3rd line of defense

Question 21

In this type of immunity, the body produces antibodies

Examples: infection, vaccines

Answer 21

Active immunity

Question 22

In this type of immunity, someone or something gives you the antibodies; your body doesn’t produce them

Answer 22

Passive immunity

Question 23

Acquired immunity depends on what lymphocytes?

Answer 23

B and T cells

Question 24

Cells that produce antibodies

Answer 24

B cells

Question 25

Memory cells, they activate B cells and kill cells

Answer 25

T cells

Question 26

Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of prevention

Answer 26

Natural history of disease

Question 27

Level of organization

Answer 27

Atoms -> molecules -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems

Question 28

Is composed of similar specialized cells that perform a common function in the body

Answer 28

Tissue

Question 29

Name the 4 types of tissue

Answer 29

Connective Epithelial Muscular Nervous

Question 30

Type of tissue that consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. It covers surfaces, lines, and body cavities

Answer 30

Epithelial tissue

Question 31

Name the 5 functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 31

``` Protection Secretion Absorption Excretion Filtration ```

Question 32

It joins epithelium to underlying connective tissue

Answer 32

Basement membrane

Question 33

It is composed of glycoprotein secreted by the epithelium snd collagen fibers secreted by the connective tissue

Answer 33

Basement membrane

Question 34

Epithelial tissue can be classified into ... and ....

Answer 34

Cell shape and number of layers

Question 35

What does squamous mean?

Answer 35

Flat

Question 36

What does cuboidal mean?

Answer 36

Square

Question 37

What does columnar mean?

Answer 37

Rectangular

Question 38

What does simple mean?

Answer 38

That the epithelial tissue has one layer

Question 39

What does stratified means?

Answer 39

That the epithelial tissue has several layers

Question 40

What does pseudo-stratified mean?

Answer 40

That the epithelial tissue has one layer but looks like two

Question 41

Is an epithelium that secretes a product

Answer 41

Gland

Question 42

What are the three types of glands?

Answer 42

Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Mixed glands

Question 43

Type of gland that secretes its products into ducts

Answer 43

Exocrine gland

Question 44

Type of gland that secretes its products directly into the bloodstream

Answer 44

Endocrine gland

Question 45

Type of gland that is both endocrine and exocrine

Answer 45

Mixed gland

Question 46

Type of tissue that consists of a matrix, cells, and fibers

Answer 46

Connective tissue

Question 47

Is a noncellular material secreted by the cells that varies its consistency from liquid to solid

Answer 47

Matrix

Question 48

What are the three types of fibers that a matrix can have?

Answer 48

``` Collagen fibers (give flexibility and strength) Reticular fibers (support networks) Elastic fibers (give elasticity) ```

Question 49

Type of tissue that binds organs together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat.

Answer 49

Connective tissue

Question 50

What are the two types of connective tissue?

Answer 50

Loose fibrous connective tissue and dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 51

Type of connective tissue that covers muscle, supports epithelium and internal organs

Answer 51

Loose fibrous connective tissue

Question 52

Type of connective tissue that has cells called fibroblasts, a jellylike matrix with collagen fibers, and is found in tendons and ligaments

Answer 52

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 53

They connect muscle to bone

Answer 53

Tendons

Question 54

They connect bone to bone

Answer 54

Ligaments

Question 55

Types of specialized connective tissue

Answer 55

Adipose Reticular Cartilage

Question 56

Consists of fibroblasts that can enlarge and store fat. Is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and on the heart. Stores energy, insulates, and protects organs

Answer 56

Adipose tissue

Question 57

It forms the supporting meshwork of lymphoid tissue in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

Answer 57

Reticular connective tissue

Question 58

Connective tissue consisting of cells called chondrocytes which lie in chambers called lacunae separated by a matrix that is solid but flexible.

Answer 58

Cartilage

Question 59

Consists of an extremely hard matrix of inorganic salts, especially calcium salts deposited around collagen fibers

Answer 59

Bone

Question 60

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 60

Compact and spongy

Question 61

What are the two layers of blood?

Answer 61

Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

Question 62

Type of tissue that consists of cells called muscle fibers

Answer 62

Muscle tissue

Question 63

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 63

Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

Question 64

Type of muscle tissue that is voluntary, is attached to bones by tendons, and cilindrical

Answer 64

Skeletal tissue

Question 65

Type of muscle tissue that is involuntary, spindle shaped and found in the walls of organs

Answer 65

Smooth muscle

Question 66

Type of tissue that contains nerve cells called neurons present in the brain and spinal cord. It allows the body to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli

Answer 66

Nervous tissue

Question 67

What are the three functions of nervous system?

Answer 67

Detect stimuli Integrates information Controls the actions of muscles and glands

Question 68

What are the three parts of the neurons?

Answer 68

Cell body (contains nucleus and cytoplasm) Dendrites (conduct signals towards the cell body) Axon (conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body)

Question 69

It includes the skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands (sweat), and sebaceous glands (oil)

Answer 69

Integumentary system

Question 70

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 70

Protect underlying tissues, regulate temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D

Question 71

What are the layers of the skin?

Answer 71

Epidermis and dermis

Question 72

Characteristics of epidermis

Answer 72

Stratified squamous epithelium, has keratin, and melanocytes

Question 73

Characteristics of dermis

Answer 73

Contains collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, and sensory receptors

Question 74

Layer found below the skin but isn't part of it

Answer 74

Subcutaneous layer

Question 75

Layer that consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Answer 75

Subcutaneous layer

Question 76

They protect digits, have nail root, cuticle and lunula

Answer 76

Nails

Question 77

They extend from dermis through epidermis and epidermal cells in hair root form hair

Answer 77

Hair follicles

Question 78

They are associated with hair follicles and lubricate hair and skin

Answer 78

Oil glands

Question 79

Some of this glands open into hair follicles and others onto skin

Answer 79

Sweat glands

Question 80

Is the position of the body used by the medical doctors in order to describe the location of the parts and areas of the body

Answer 80

Anatomical position

Question 81

They divide the body or the organs in order to observe internal structures

Answer 81

Planes

Question 82

Plane that passes vertically through the body dividing it into left and right sections

Answer 82

Sagittal plane

Question 83

Plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves

Answer 83

Mid-sagittal plane

Question 84

Plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves

Answer 84

Parasagittal plane

Question 85

Plane that passes vertically through the body resulting in anterior and posterior sections

Answer 85

Frontal or coronal

Question 86

Plane that passes horizontally through the body resulting in inferior and superior sections called transversal sections

Answer 86

Transversal plane

Question 87

In which two main cavities is the human body divided?

Answer 87

Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity

Question 88

Cavity that contains the brain

Answer 88

Cranial cavity

Question 89

It contains the spinal cord

Answer 89

Vertebral canal

Question 90

Cavity that contains the heart and the lungs

Answer 90

Thoracic cavity

Question 91

Cavity that contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, and most of the large and small intestines

Answer 91

Abdominal cavity

Question 92

Cavity that contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of intestines

Answer 92

Pelvic cavity

Question 93

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Answer 93

The diaphragm

Question 94

Structural support, protection of soft body parts, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and fat, and flexible body movement This are functions of...

Answer 94

The bones

Question 95

What surrounds the bone?

Answer 95

The periosteum (fibrous connective tissue)

Question 96

The ends of long bones are covered with...

Answer 96

Articular cartilage

Question 97

The ends of the long bone are called... They are composed of spongy bone and red bone marrow.

Answer 97

Epiphyses

Question 98

The part of the long bone between the epiphyses is called... It contains compact bone and yellow bone marrow

Answer 98

Diaphysis

Question 99

What can be found between the epiphyses and the diaphysis in a long bone?

Answer 99

Growth plane/epiphyseal line

Question 100

Is where bone growth occurs

Answer 100

Growth plate/epiphyseal line

Question 101

Are the bones of limbs

Answer 101

Long bones

Question 102

Are the cube shaped bones of the wrist

Answer 102

Short bones

Question 103

Are the bones of the skull

Answer 103

Flat bones

Question 104

Is the patella

Answer 104

Round bones

Question 105

Are the vertebrae and facial bones

Answer 105

Irregular bones

Question 106

In which parts is the skeleton divided?

Answer 106

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 107

Part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid bone

Answer 107

Axial skeleton

Question 108

Part of the skeleton that includes the bones of limbs and the limb girdles

Answer 108

Appendicular skeleton

Question 109

Consists of the scapula and the clavicle

Answer 109

Pectoral girdle

Question 110

Consists of the humerus in the arm, the radius and the ulna in the forearm, the carpal bones of the wrist, the metacarpal bones of the palm, and the phalanges

Answer 110

Upper limbs

Question 111

Consists of the coaxial bones

Answer 111

Pelvic girdle

Question 112

Consist of the femur in the leg, the tibia and fibula in the lower leg, the patella in the knee, the tarsal bones of the ankle, the metatarsal bones and the phalanges

Answer 112

Lower limbs

Question 113

Area where bones come together. They include knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip

Answer 113

Joints

Question 114

A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. It binds the ends of bones together to prevent dislocation

Answer 114

Ligaments

Question 115

A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone

Answer 115

Tendons

Question 116

Types of joints (3)

Answer 116

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 117

Type of joint that is immovable

Answer 117

Fibrous joint

Question 118

Type of joint that is slightly movable

Answer 118

Cartilaginous joint

Question 119

Joint that is freely movable

Answer 119

Synovial joint

Question 120

Forearm toward the arm is an example of what type of movement?

Answer 120

Flexion

Question 121

Forearm away from the arm is an example of what type of movement?

Answer 121

Extension

Question 122

Arms sideways, away from the body is an example of what type of movement?

Answer 122

Abduction

Question 123

Arms back to the body is an example of what type of movement?

Answer 123

Adduction

Question 124

Head to answer "no" is an example of what type of movement?

Answer 124

Rotation

Question 125

Occurs when a force exerted against a bone is stronger than the bone can support

Answer 125

Fracture

Question 126

Disorder in which bones loose mass and mineral content. Leads to and increases risk of fractures

Answer 126

Osteoporosis

Question 127

This happens when the fibers of a muscle in the body have been overstretched, resulting in a severe injury

Answer 127

Muscle tear or strain

Question 128

Musculoskeletal disorder in which there is a sideways curvature of the vertebrae (bones that make up the spine)

Answer 128

Scoliosis