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Tercer Parcial Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

The nervous system divides into…

A

Central and peripheral

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2
Q

Components of the central nervous system:

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Components of the peripheral nervous system:

A

Nerves

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4
Q

Functions of the nervous system:

A

Regulate operations of the body, muscles and glands by sending impulses or signals

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5
Q

They are also called nerve cells and are excitable cells that make up the nervous system

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Name the three types of neurons

A

Sensory, inter and motor

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7
Q

Type of neurons activated by stimuli (light, touch)

A

Sensory neurons

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8
Q

Type of neurons that receive and send signals from and to neurons

A

Inter neurons

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9
Q

Type of neurons that control muscles and glands

A

Motor neurons

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10
Q

What are the three parts that all neurons have?

A

Cell body, dendrites and axon

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11
Q

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles

A

Cell body

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12
Q

Part of the neuron that consists of branched cytoplasmic extensions that can pick up messages from other nerve cells

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

Part of the neuron that consists of a cytoplasmic extension that transmits electrical signals and releases chemical signals at its endings

A

Axon

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14
Q

Type of neuron that holds other neurons in place and produces myelin

A

Neuroglia or glial cells

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15
Q

Increases the speed at which signals travel along an axon

A

Myelin

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16
Q

Brief transversal of the electric gradient across the plasma membrane

A

Action potential

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17
Q

They carry messages between cells

A

Chemical signals

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18
Q

Region where a neuron’s axon terminal transmits signals to another cell

A

Chemical synapse

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19
Q

Name the 6 neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and endorphins

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter that induces skeletal muscle contraction, slows cardiac rate and affects memory

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters that speed heart rate, dilate pupils and airways and increase anxiety

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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22
Q

Neurotransmitter that has roles in memory, learning and motor control

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter that elevates mood

A

Serotonin

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters that elevate mood, promote feelings of well being and decrease pain

A

Endorphins

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25
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic and autonomic
26
Division of peripheral nervous system that controls the skeletal muscles and voluntary moves
Somatic nervous system
27
Peripheral nervous system division that relays signals to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands. It controls involuntary moves
Autonomic nervous system
28
Which are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
29
Division of the autonomic nervous system that activates when relaxed, release acetylcholine
Parasympathetic division
30
Division of the autonomic nervous system that activates when excited or in danger. Releases norepinephrine
Sympathetic division
31
Membranes that enclose and protect the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system
Meninges
32
Protective mechanism that prevents unwanted substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier
33
There are two types of tissue in the brain and spinal cord, which are:
White (bundles of axons) and gray (cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglial cells)
34
Portion of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebral column and connects the peripheral nerves with the brain
Spinal cord
35
Is an automatic response to stimuli
Reflex
36
It has an average weight of 3 pounds (1,240 grams) and 100 billion interneurons
Brain
37
Is divided into right and left hemispheres by a fisure
Brain
38
Thick band of tissue that connects the two brain hemispheres
Corpus callosum
39
Outer layer of gray matter in each hemisphere that has functions in language and abstract thought
Cerebral cortex
40
Name the 4 lobes of the brain
Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
41
Brain lobe that controls motor skills, expressive language and reasoning
Frontal lobe
42
Brain lobe that processes tactile sensory information, such as pressure, touch and pain, and essential to the five senses
Parietal lobe
43
Brain lobe that has roles in visual stimuli and information
Occipital lobe
44
Brain lobe that has roles in interpreting sounds and language we hear. Involved in memory
Temporal
45
Its name means "under the thalamus" and is the center for homeostatic control. It regulates thirst, appetite, sex drive and body temperature. It is also an endocrine gland.
Hypothalamus
46
Hormone-producing glands and secretory cells of a vertebrate body
Endocrine system
47
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
48
Types of hormones (4):
Steroids, amines, peptides and proteins
49
Hormones produced by the hypothalamus
ADH and oxytocin (secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary)
50
Hormones released by the anterior pituitary
Prolactin and growth hormone
51
Gland that secretes melatonin. This secretions decrease when retina detects light.
Pineal gland
52
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
53
What does the thyroid regulates
Metabolic rate
54
Are the main regulators of calcium level in blood and release parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid glands
55
Are the glands located above each kidney and each of this glands has two regions called adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenal glands
56
Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands
Cortisol
57
Primary reproductive organs:
Male's testes and female's ovaries
58
Hormones secreted by the gonads (reproductive organs):
Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone (in different proportions)
59
Period during which the body's reproductive organs and structures mature and begin to function. Sex hormone production starts during this period.
Puberty
60
Hormones that regulate maturation of eggs and prepare the body for pregnancy
Estrogen and progesterone
61
Hormone that regulates sperm production and facial hair
Testosterone
62
It usually happens between the ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. Causes physical changes.
Puberty
63
First sign of puberty in girls is:
Breast development
64
First sign of puberty in boys:
Testicles and penis get bigger
65
What marks sexual maturity in females?
The menarche or first menstruation
66
What marks sexual maturity in males?
The spermarche or first ejaculation
67
Duct that carries sperm away from an epididymis and to a short ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens
68
Has a rounded head (glans) at the of a narrower shaft
Penis
69
Complex mixture of sperm, proteins, nutrients, ions, and signaling molecules. Sperm account for less than 5% of its volume.
Semen
70
They contribute to semen formation:
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands
71
Hollow, pear-shaped organ above the urinary bladder
Uterus
72
A thick layer of smooth muscle makes up most most of the uterine wall
*** note ***
73
The uterine lining (endometrium) consists of glandular epithelium connective tissue and blood vessels
*** note ***
74
Is the lowest part of the uterus and is connected to the vagina
Cervix
75
Muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the body's surface. It functions as the female organ of intercourse and as birth canal
Vagina
76
Is the externally visible portion of the female reproductive system
Vulva
77
Outer folds of the vagina -> labia majora Inner folds of the vagina -> labia minora
*** note ***
78
Is the tip of an erectile organ
Clitoris
79
Is a general term for an immature egg
Oocytes
80
A girl is born with 2 million primary oocytes in her ovaries
*** note ***
81
What marks the first day of the menstrual cycle?
The onset of menstruation
82
How many days does the menstrual cycle have?
28 days
83
Hormone that stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water
Aldosterone
84
Cycle-induced hormonal changes can cause sadness, irritability, anxiety or headaches. This symptoms are known as:
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
85
Contractions of smooth muscle in the uterine wall during menstruation
Menstrual cramps
86
When do menstrual cycles stop?
After the menopause at the age of 50
87
How pregnancy happens?
Sex or intercourse
88
Sexual climax
Orgasm
89
During orgasm, the vaginal wall and pelvis contract rhythmically in females. In males, contractions force the sperm into the urethra which are then ejaculated in the vagina
*** notes ***
90
How many sperms, approximately, an ejaculation puts into the vagina?
From 150 to 350 million
91
Where are eggs fertilized?
In the oviduct
92
Which is the most effective method to prevent pregnancy?
Abstinence
93
Types of methods to prevent pregnancy
Hormonal methods, intrauterine methods, sterilization, emergency contraception, barrier methods, among others
94
Method that consists on removing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation
Withdrawal
95
Method that consists on rinsing the vagina immediately after intercourse
Douche
96
Surgical method in females:
Tubal ligation (or cutting)
97
Surgical method in males:
Vasectomy
98
Sperm poison or killer
Spermicidal
99
Flexible, dome-shaped device that is positioned inside the vagina so it covers the cervix
Diaphragm
100
Are thin, tight-fitting sheaths worn over the penis during intercourse
Condoms
101
Device inserted into the uterus
Intrauterine device (IUD)
102
Small, flat adhesive patch applied to the skin that delivers the same mixture of hormones as an oral contraceptive and blocks ovulation
Patch
103
Delivers a large dose of synthetic progesterone that prevents ovulation and interferes with fertilization.
Morning-after pill

Salud (4 decks)

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