Principles

Question 1

What is the normal osmolarity of body fluids?

Answer 1

~300mOsm/l

Question 2

What is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion, according to Fick’s Law?

Answer 2

Increased solute concentration gradient
Increased membrane surface area
Increased lipid solubility
Decreased molecular weight
Decreased membrane thickness.

Question 3

What is a cadherin

Answer 3

Links cells together - a type of cell adhesion molecule

Question 4

What is an integrin

Answer 4

Links the intracellular fluid with the extracellular fluid. A type of cell adhesion molecule.

Question 5

What are the 3 types of junction between cells?

Answer 5

Gap
Tight
Desmosome

Question 6

What are the two chemicals invoved in fever generation?

Answer 6

Endogenous pyrogens and prostaglandins

Question 7

What do iso-, hypo-, and hyper- tonicity do to a cell?

Answer 7

Isotonic: stayss the same volume
Hypotonic: cell swells/bursts
Hypertonic: cell shrivels.

Question 8

What are the 2 types of carrier mediated transport?

Answer 8

Facilitated diffsion and active transport

Question 9

Which of facilitated diffusion or active transport requires ATP?

Answer 9

Active transport.

Question 10

What are the 2 types of active transport?

Answer 10

Primary and secondary

Question 11

What is primary active transport?

Answer 11

Moves solutes against their concentration gradient.

ATP binds directly to the transporter, providing the energy to move the solute.

Question 12

What is the pump called in secondary active transport?

Answer 12

The sodium-potassium pump

Question 13

Whaat are the 3 roles of the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 13

Maintain the cell volume
Maintain the intra-cellular solute concentrations
Provide the energy for secondary active transport.

Question 14

Fill the blanks for the sodium-potassium pump:

_ sodium ___, _ potassium ___

Answer 14

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Question 15

What are the two subtypes of secondary active transport?

Answer 15

Symport and antiport

Question 16

What’s the different between symport and antiport?

Answer 16

Symport: solute moves in the same direction as sodium
Antiport: solute moves in the opposite direction to sodium

Question 17

What are the two types of vesicular transport/

Answer 17

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 18

At rest, is there more sodium inside or outside the cell?

Answer 18

OUTSIDE

Question 19

At rest, is there more potassium inside or outside the cell?

Answer 19

INSIDE

Question 20

What does Em mean?

Answer 20

Membrane potential

Question 21

What is the normal resting membrane potential of a cell?

Answer 21

-70mV

Question 22

What’s the normal restng membrane potential for potassium?

Answer 22

-90mV

Question 23

What’s the normal resting membrane potential for sodium?

Answer 23

+60mV

Question 24

What maintains the Em??

Answer 24

The sodium-potassium pump maintains the resting membrane potential.

Question 25

What is anabolism

Answer 25

Builing things up from smaller subunits

Question 26

What is catabolism

Answer 26

Breaking things into smaller parts

Question 27

What do the aplha cells in the islets of langerhans do?

Answer 27

Release glucagon

Question 28

What do the beta cells in the islets of langerhans do?

Answer 28

Release insulin

Question 29

What does the brain overwhelmingly rely on for energy?

Answer 29

Glucose

Question 30

Why is it important to always have glucose in the bloodstream?

Answer 30

Because it is necessary for brain function

Question 31

What is the definition of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 31

<2.5 mmols of glucose

Question 32

Which hormones control glucose levels in the absorptive and post-absorptive states?

Answer 32

Insulin in absorptive | Glucagon in post-absorptive

Question 33

Which hormones control glucose levels in emergency situations? What do they do to them?

Answer 33

Cortisol and adrenaline. Increase glucose levels.

Question 34

Which hormones control glucose levels in the starved state?

Answer 34

Growth (pituitary) hormone

Question 35

What is the word for creating more glucose from stores?

Answer 35

Glycogenolysis

Question 36

What is the word for putting glucose into storage?

Answer 36

Glycogen synthesis

Question 37

What is the word for making more glucose from scratch?

Answer 37

Gluconeogenesis

Question 38

Whch transporters increase glucose uptake by the cells?

Answer 38

GLUT4

Question 39

What does insulin do?

Answer 39

It's a fed-state hormone which encourages the body to store glucose. It's anabolic.

Question 40

Is insulin secretion sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 40

Parasympathetic

Question 41

Is glucagon secretion sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 41

Sympathetic

Question 42

What does glucagon do?

Answer 42

Tries to preserve levels of glucose in the blood during hunger. It causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Question 43

Where does cortisol come from?

Answer 43

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland

Question 44

When are cortisol levels highest?

Answer 44

In the morning

Question 45

What effect does cortisol have on blood sugar?

Answer 45

Increases glucose levels (it's a stress hormone)