Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

practice > principles > Flashcards

principles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins

A

Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria where as endotoxins are only released following lysis of the cell.
EXO G+
ENDO G-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does cleavage occur?

A

24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when does implantation occur?

A

day 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is gastrulation and when does it occur?

A

gastrulation is the formation of germ layers, which occurs at week 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the primitive streak occur?

A

the caudal end of the epiblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the hypoblast form?

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the epiblast form?

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what will the notochord become?

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does the intraembryonic coelom form and what does it divide into?

A

week 3, visceral and lateral plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what body cavities does the coelom divide into?

A

pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when does the normal heart start to develop?

A

week 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the first cells of the heart and start germ layer they are derived from

A

cardiac progenitors, derived from the visceral layer of lateral mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the 1st and 2nd heart field give rise to?

A

1st- right and left atria, and LV

2nd- RV and outflow tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when does looping of heart occur

A

day 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name regions of the heart tube after day 23 and how they move into position and what they give rise to

A

truncus arteriosus- aorta and PT
bulbus cordis- outflow tract + Trabeculated part of RV (moves ventral, caudal and right)
ventricle- Trabeculated LV (moves left)
atria- Trabeculated LA and RA
sinus venosus- smooth part of RA, coronary sinus (moves dorsal and cranial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what structure allows communication between RA and LA until birth

A

foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

name 2 atrial septa and their character

A 
septum primum (flexible)
septum secondum (rigid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when does the septum primum form and its direction of growth

A

day 30

grows down towards endocardial cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name of gap between septum primum and endocardial cushion

A

primary ostiem/ foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when does the septum secondum form and position compared to septum primum

A

day 33

to right of SP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the valve of the foramen ovale formed by?

A

septum primum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the foramen ovale become in adult

A

fossa ovalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

conditions associated with teratology of the fallot

A

pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy ventricular septal defect, over riding aorta, patent ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe 2 ventricular septa

A

membranous- grows down from endocardial cushion

muscular- grows up from ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

basic unit of the Nervous System

A

neuron

26
Q

collection of neurons in CNS

A

nucleus

27
Q

collection of neurons in PNS

A

ganglion

28
Q

myelin sheath in CNS

A

oligodendrocyte

29
Q

myelin sheath in PNS

A

schwann cell

30
Q

name cranial nerves 1-12 and their function

A 
olfactory nerve- special sensory
optic nerve- special sensory
occulomotor- motor
trochlear- motor
trigeminal- both
abducent- motor 
facial- both
vestibulococlear- special sensory
glossopharyngeal-both
vagus-both
spinal accessory-motor
hypoglossal-motor
31
Q

where does each cranial nerve enter in each fossa

A

CN1- anterior fossa
CNII-CNVI- middle fossa
CNVII- CNXII- posterior fossa

32
Q

name foramen for each cranial nerve

A 
CNI- cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
CNII- optic canal
CNIII, CNIV, V1 and VI- superior orbital fissure 
CNV2-foramen rotundum
CNV3- foramen ovale 
CNVII, VIII- internal acoustic meatus
CNIX-XI - Jugular foramen
CNXII- Hypoglossal canal
33
Q

Where does spinal cord pass through in head

A

foramen magnum

34
Q

what protects the spinal cord

A

vertebral canal

35
Q

divisions of spinal cord and how many nerves

A 
31 nerves in total
cervical (8)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (1)
36
Q

where does the spinal cord end and name for this

A

spinal cord ends at L1/L2 conus medullaris

37
Q

2 enlargements of spinal cord

A

cervical
lumbosacral
(more nerves for limbs)

38
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

when lumbar and sacral spinal roots descend in vertebral canal to their intravertebral formen and look like a horses tail

39
Q

where do nerves enter spinal cord

A

intravertebral foramen (spinal nerve)

40
Q

how many vertebrae for each division of spine

A 
33 in total 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
41
Q

what are spinal nerves named according to + exception

A

spinal nerves are named according to vertebrae above it

except for cervical region where they are named according to vertebrae below it - C8 which lies between C7 and T1

42
Q

course of sensory nerves

A

rami to the spinal nerve then through the dorsal root ganglia, then to posterior root then to posterior rootlets- posterior horn of spinal nerve

43
Q

course of motor nerves

A

from anterior horn of spinal cord - anterior rootlets- anterior roots- spinal nerve- rami

44
Q

dermatome that contains nipple

A

T4

45
Q

Dermatome of umbilicus

A

T10

46
Q

What are dermatomes

A

areas of skin supplied by both anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves

47
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A

nerve plexus= intertwinning to anterior rami of spinal nerves (not posterior rami)

48
Q

name 4 nerve plexus, the anterior rami and what they supply

A

cervical plexus- C1-C4- posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm
brachial plexus- C5-T1 anterior rami- upper limbs
lumbar plexus- L1-L4- lower limbs
Sacral plexus L5-S4 anterior rami- lower limbs, gluteal region and perineum

49
Q

what is ischaemic pain due to

A

lack of blood blow

50
Q

what is colicky pain due to

A

obstruction

51
Q

what receptors sense pain

A

nociceptors

52
Q

difference in what sympathetics and parasympathetics supply

A

sympathetics supply internal organs, body walls and arterioles. parasympathetics only supply internal organs

53
Q

outflow of sympathetics at spinal cord

A

T1-L2

54
Q

Parasympathetic outflow

A

CN II, VII, IX, X

sacral nerves II, III, IV

55
Q

how do sympathetics get to the head and neck

A

hitch a ride with the arteries

56
Q

how do sympathetics reach lower organs

A

splanchnic nerves

57
Q

which parts of spinal cord have lateral horns

A

T1-L2

58
Q

what do parasympathetic nerves in the head supply

A

lacrimal and salivary glands

59
Q

what does the vagus nerve supply and where does it travel as far to

A

organs of head, neck and abdomen, as far as the mid - gut

60
Q

what do the sacral nerves supply

A

hindgut, pelvis, perineum

practice (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions