principles Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

what is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins

A

Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria where as endotoxins are only released following lysis of the cell.
EXO G+
ENDO G-

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2
Q

when does cleavage occur?

A

24 hours

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3
Q

when does implantation occur?

A

day 6

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4
Q

what is gastrulation and when does it occur?

A

gastrulation is the formation of germ layers, which occurs at week 3

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5
Q

where does the primitive streak occur?

A

the caudal end of the epiblast

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6
Q

what does the hypoblast form?

A

endoderm

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7
Q

what does the epiblast form?

A

ectoderm

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8
Q

what will the notochord become?

A

spinal cord

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9
Q

When does the intraembryonic coelom form and what does it divide into?

A

week 3, visceral and lateral plate

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10
Q

what body cavities does the coelom divide into?

A

pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavity

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11
Q

when does the normal heart start to develop?

A

week 4

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12
Q

the first cells of the heart and start germ layer they are derived from

A

cardiac progenitors, derived from the visceral layer of lateral mesoderm

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13
Q

what does the 1st and 2nd heart field give rise to?

A

1st- right and left atria, and LV

2nd- RV and outflow tract

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14
Q

when does looping of heart occur

A

day 23

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15
Q

name regions of the heart tube after day 23 and how they move into position and what they give rise to

A

truncus arteriosus- aorta and PT
bulbus cordis- outflow tract + Trabeculated part of RV (moves ventral, caudal and right)
ventricle- Trabeculated LV (moves left)
atria- Trabeculated LA and RA
sinus venosus- smooth part of RA, coronary sinus (moves dorsal and cranial)

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16
Q

what structure allows communication between RA and LA until birth

A

foramen ovale

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17
Q

name 2 atrial septa and their character

A
septum primum (flexible)
septum secondum (rigid)
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18
Q

when does the septum primum form and its direction of growth

A

day 30

grows down towards endocardial cushion

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19
Q

Name of gap between septum primum and endocardial cushion

A

primary ostiem/ foramen

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20
Q

when does the septum secondum form and position compared to septum primum

A

day 33

to right of SP

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21
Q

what is the valve of the foramen ovale formed by?

A

septum primum

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22
Q

what does the foramen ovale become in adult

A

fossa ovalis

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23
Q

conditions associated with teratology of the fallot

A

pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy ventricular septal defect, over riding aorta, patent ductus arteriosus

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24
Q

describe 2 ventricular septa

A

membranous- grows down from endocardial cushion

muscular- grows up from ventricle

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25
basic unit of the Nervous System
neuron
26
collection of neurons in CNS
nucleus
27
collection of neurons in PNS
ganglion
28
myelin sheath in CNS
oligodendrocyte
29
myelin sheath in PNS
schwann cell
30
name cranial nerves 1-12 and their function
``` olfactory nerve- special sensory optic nerve- special sensory occulomotor- motor trochlear- motor trigeminal- both abducent- motor facial- both vestibulococlear- special sensory glossopharyngeal-both vagus-both spinal accessory-motor hypoglossal-motor ```
31
where does each cranial nerve enter in each fossa
CN1- anterior fossa CNII-CNVI- middle fossa CNVII- CNXII- posterior fossa
32
name foramen for each cranial nerve
``` CNI- cribiform plate of ethmoid bone CNII- optic canal CNIII, CNIV, V1 and VI- superior orbital fissure CNV2-foramen rotundum CNV3- foramen ovale CNVII, VIII- internal acoustic meatus CNIX-XI - Jugular foramen CNXII- Hypoglossal canal ```
33
Where does spinal cord pass through in head
foramen magnum
34
what protects the spinal cord
vertebral canal
35
divisions of spinal cord and how many nerves
``` 31 nerves in total cervical (8) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal (1) ```
36
where does the spinal cord end and name for this
spinal cord ends at L1/L2 conus medullaris
37
2 enlargements of spinal cord
cervical lumbosacral (more nerves for limbs)
38
what is the cauda equina
when lumbar and sacral spinal roots descend in vertebral canal to their intravertebral formen and look like a horses tail
39
where do nerves enter spinal cord
intravertebral foramen (spinal nerve)
40
how many vertebrae for each division of spine
``` 33 in total 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal ```
41
what are spinal nerves named according to + exception
spinal nerves are named according to vertebrae above it except for cervical region where they are named according to vertebrae below it - C8 which lies between C7 and T1
42
course of sensory nerves
rami to the spinal nerve then through the dorsal root ganglia, then to posterior root then to posterior rootlets- posterior horn of spinal nerve
43
course of motor nerves
from anterior horn of spinal cord - anterior rootlets- anterior roots- spinal nerve- rami
44
dermatome that contains nipple
T4
45
Dermatome of umbilicus
T10
46
What are dermatomes
areas of skin supplied by both anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
47
what is a nerve plexus
nerve plexus= intertwinning to anterior rami of spinal nerves (not posterior rami)
48
name 4 nerve plexus, the anterior rami and what they supply
cervical plexus- C1-C4- posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm brachial plexus- C5-T1 anterior rami- upper limbs lumbar plexus- L1-L4- lower limbs Sacral plexus L5-S4 anterior rami- lower limbs, gluteal region and perineum
49
what is ischaemic pain due to
lack of blood blow
50
what is colicky pain due to
obstruction
51
what receptors sense pain
nociceptors
52
difference in what sympathetics and parasympathetics supply
sympathetics supply internal organs, body walls and arterioles. parasympathetics only supply internal organs
53
outflow of sympathetics at spinal cord
T1-L2
54
Parasympathetic outflow
CN II, VII, IX, X | sacral nerves II, III, IV
55
how do sympathetics get to the head and neck
hitch a ride with the arteries
56
how do sympathetics reach lower organs
splanchnic nerves
57
which parts of spinal cord have lateral horns
T1-L2
58
what do parasympathetic nerves in the head supply
lacrimal and salivary glands
59
what does the vagus nerve supply and where does it travel as far to
organs of head, neck and abdomen, as far as the mid - gut
60
what do the sacral nerves supply
hindgut, pelvis, perineum