Flashcards in principles Deck (60)
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1
what is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins
Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria where as endotoxins are only released following lysis of the cell.
EXO G+
ENDO G-
2
when does cleavage occur?
24 hours
3
when does implantation occur?
day 6
4
what is gastrulation and when does it occur?
gastrulation is the formation of germ layers, which occurs at week 3
5
where does the primitive streak occur?
the caudal end of the epiblast
6
what does the hypoblast form?
endoderm
7
what does the epiblast form?
ectoderm
8
what will the notochord become?
spinal cord
9
When does the intraembryonic coelom form and what does it divide into?
week 3, visceral and lateral plate
10
what body cavities does the coelom divide into?
pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavity
11
when does the normal heart start to develop?
week 4
12
the first cells of the heart and start germ layer they are derived from
cardiac progenitors, derived from the visceral layer of lateral mesoderm
13
what does the 1st and 2nd heart field give rise to?
1st- right and left atria, and LV
2nd- RV and outflow tract
14
when does looping of heart occur
day 23
15
name regions of the heart tube after day 23 and how they move into position and what they give rise to
truncus arteriosus- aorta and PT
bulbus cordis- outflow tract + Trabeculated part of RV (moves ventral, caudal and right)
ventricle- Trabeculated LV (moves left)
atria- Trabeculated LA and RA
sinus venosus- smooth part of RA, coronary sinus (moves dorsal and cranial)
16
what structure allows communication between RA and LA until birth
foramen ovale
17
name 2 atrial septa and their character
septum primum (flexible)
septum secondum (rigid)
18
when does the septum primum form and its direction of growth
day 30
grows down towards endocardial cushion
19
Name of gap between septum primum and endocardial cushion
primary ostiem/ foramen
20
when does the septum secondum form and position compared to septum primum
day 33
to right of SP
21
what is the valve of the foramen ovale formed by?
septum primum
22
what does the foramen ovale become in adult
fossa ovalis
23
conditions associated with teratology of the fallot
pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy ventricular septal defect, over riding aorta, patent ductus arteriosus
24
describe 2 ventricular septa
membranous- grows down from endocardial cushion
muscular- grows up from ventricle
25
basic unit of the Nervous System
neuron
26
collection of neurons in CNS
nucleus
27
collection of neurons in PNS
ganglion
28
myelin sheath in CNS
oligodendrocyte
29
myelin sheath in PNS
schwann cell
30
name cranial nerves 1-12 and their function
olfactory nerve- special sensory
optic nerve- special sensory
occulomotor- motor
trochlear- motor
trigeminal- both
abducent- motor
facial- both
vestibulococlear- special sensory
glossopharyngeal-both
vagus-both
spinal accessory-motor
hypoglossal-motor
31
where does each cranial nerve enter in each fossa
CN1- anterior fossa
CNII-CNVI- middle fossa
CNVII- CNXII- posterior fossa
32
name foramen for each cranial nerve
CNI- cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
CNII- optic canal
CNIII, CNIV, V1 and VI- superior orbital fissure
CNV2-foramen rotundum
CNV3- foramen ovale
CNVII, VIII- internal acoustic meatus
CNIX-XI - Jugular foramen
CNXII- Hypoglossal canal
33
Where does spinal cord pass through in head
foramen magnum
34
what protects the spinal cord
vertebral canal
35
divisions of spinal cord and how many nerves
31 nerves in total
cervical (8)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (1)
36
where does the spinal cord end and name for this
spinal cord ends at L1/L2 conus medullaris
37
2 enlargements of spinal cord
cervical
lumbosacral
(more nerves for limbs)
38
what is the cauda equina
when lumbar and sacral spinal roots descend in vertebral canal to their intravertebral formen and look like a horses tail
39
where do nerves enter spinal cord
intravertebral foramen (spinal nerve)
40
how many vertebrae for each division of spine
33 in total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
41
what are spinal nerves named according to + exception
spinal nerves are named according to vertebrae above it
except for cervical region where they are named according to vertebrae below it - C8 which lies between C7 and T1
42
course of sensory nerves
rami to the spinal nerve then through the dorsal root ganglia, then to posterior root then to posterior rootlets- posterior horn of spinal nerve
43
course of motor nerves
from anterior horn of spinal cord - anterior rootlets- anterior roots- spinal nerve- rami
44
dermatome that contains nipple
T4
45
Dermatome of umbilicus
T10
46
What are dermatomes
areas of skin supplied by both anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
47
what is a nerve plexus
nerve plexus= intertwinning to anterior rami of spinal nerves (not posterior rami)
48
name 4 nerve plexus, the anterior rami and what they supply
cervical plexus- C1-C4- posterior scalp, neck wall and diaphragm
brachial plexus- C5-T1 anterior rami- upper limbs
lumbar plexus- L1-L4- lower limbs
Sacral plexus L5-S4 anterior rami- lower limbs, gluteal region and perineum
49
what is ischaemic pain due to
lack of blood blow
50
what is colicky pain due to
obstruction
51
what receptors sense pain
nociceptors
52
difference in what sympathetics and parasympathetics supply
sympathetics supply internal organs, body walls and arterioles. parasympathetics only supply internal organs
53
outflow of sympathetics at spinal cord
T1-L2
54
Parasympathetic outflow
CN II, VII, IX, X
sacral nerves II, III, IV
55
how do sympathetics get to the head and neck
hitch a ride with the arteries
56
how do sympathetics reach lower organs
splanchnic nerves
57
which parts of spinal cord have lateral horns
T1-L2
58
what do parasympathetic nerves in the head supply
lacrimal and salivary glands
59
what does the vagus nerve supply and where does it travel as far to
organs of head, neck and abdomen, as far as the mid - gut
60
