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Sports and Exercise Medicine iBSc > Principles I > Flashcards

Principles I Flashcards

1
Q

Acute sports injury

A

Sudden onset

Obvious Trauma

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2
Q

Acute Sports injury examples

A

ligament rupture
fracture
muscle strain

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3
Q

Overuse sports injury

A

Gradual onset

Repetitive microtrauma

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4
Q

Overuse sports injury examples

A

Tendinopathy

Stress fracture

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5
Q

Incidence

A

Most basic expression of risk

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6
Q

Incidence rate

A

Number of new injuries that occur in a population at risk over a specified time period or the number of new injuries during a period divided by the total number of sportspeople at that period
Rates per 1000 hours

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7
Q

Injury incidence

A

Number of injuries x1000
____________________
number of matches x number of players x match duration

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8
Q

Injury incidence inclusions

A

All injuries should be recorded that need medical attention, including those that result in no time lost/playing
Time lost from participation must be recorded using both training and competitive participation data in days lost as well as games

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9
Q

Netball most common site of injury (MCSI)

A

Ankle

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10
Q

Basketball MCSI

A

Ankle

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11
Q

Golf MCSI

A

lower back

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12
Q

Elite cyclists most common fracture

A

clavicle

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13
Q

Contact sports injury rates

A

Increased acute

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14
Q

Endurance sports injury rates

A

Increased rate overuse

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15
Q

Adult professional rugby union players incidence- games

A

81 per 1,000 player hours

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16
Q

Adult professional rugby union players incidence- training

A

3 per 1,000 player hours

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17
Q

child and adolescent rugby union players incidence-

A

26.7 per 1000 player hours

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18
Q

Rugby prevalent injuries

A

Muscle/tendon and joint (non-bone)/ligament injuries were most prevalent
Fractures and bone stress injuries had highest average severity
Lower limb highest injury incidence, but upper limb highest severity

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19
Q

Netball injury rate

A

5.4%

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20
Q

Track and field injury

A 
Mostly training (overuse)
Knee most common in runners (48% of injuries), followed by lower leg, foot and hip
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21
Q

Swimming injuries

A

Most overuse injury during training
Swimmers shoulder
–> combination rotator cuff pathology and shoulder laxity

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22
Q

Golf injuries

A 
Mainly overuse
Lumbar spine (26%)
23
Q

Kickboxing

A

109.7/1000 fight participants
52.5% head/neck/face
64% bruising/lacerations

24
Q

Football

A

31% strains

20% sprains

25
Cycling
Professional cyclists- 1.2 injuries per cyclist per year, contusions, abrasions, knee (18%), wrist and palms (16%), shoulder and clavicle (16%), elbow (14%) and femur (14%)
26
Cheerleading
High school cheerleading accounted for 65% of all catastrophic sports injuries among high school females over past 25 years Ankle and knee sprains most common Most dangerous injuries- head and neck
27
Intrinsic RF definition
``` Specific to athlete Biomechanical Anatomical Physiological Within athlete ```
28
Extrinsic RF definition
Specific to sport
29
Intrinsic RF examples
``` Lack of flexibility Hypermobility Poor muscle strength Lack of fitness Biomechanics Nutrition Hydration Previous injury Age Genetics ```
30
Extrinsic RFs examples
``` Type of sport Contact sport ground/surface climate footwear equipment training ```
31
Over-pronation description
Flat footed Planus foot Combined eversion + dorsiflexion + abduction of foot
32
Over-pronation explanation
Arch collapses upon weight bearing- part of normal gait cycle to allow foot to absorb shock and allow foot to adjust to uneven surfaces- however too much of this (excessive pronation) can cause stress or inflammation of plantar fascia ligament- so can have plantar fasciitis When standing heels and or kneecaps may lean or bend inwards- wear out soles and heels of shoes very quickly
33
Over-supination description
Combined inversion + planter flexion + adduction of foot Supinated foot type- stiff, poor shock absorption Most common with really deep high arch foot- cavus foot Does not pronate enough- arch doesn't flatten so not effective shock absorber
34
Over-supination explanation
Weight only falls on heel and big toes, so increases stress on foot Shoes will wear on outside edge- shoe may become over stretched Shoe will tilt outward on flat surface
35
Over-supination may predispose to
Plantar fasciitis Patellofemoral syndrome Stress fractures Inversion ankle sprains
36
Normal Gait Cycle
``` Right heel contact Left toe Off surface Left heel contact right toe off surface right heel contact ```
37
Walking cycle
Single and double support phase | Contact, mid-stance, propulsive phase
38
Single support phase
Leg on ground, other supporting
39
Double support phase
Starts once swinging leg touches ground, and ends when supporting leg leaves the ground
40
Difference between walking and running
Only one foot leaves contact with ground at a time
41
Stance position
Natural alignment of lower limb Weight-bearing line through Ant SIS (superior ischial spine), patella, 2nd MT Normal lumbar lordosis, hips neutral Knees extended, patellae neutral Calcaneus in line with tibia and forefoot perpendicular to calcaneus
42
Subtalor Talocalcaneal joint
Normal posture should be where forefoot is perpendicular to the bisection of the heel, and tibia is perpendicular to supporting surface
43
Waking biomechanics
Head position Shoulder symmetry Arm swing Pelvic tilt-lumbar lordosis Direction of patella (knee over second toe=normal, can also be assessed during half squat as a crude biomechanical screening) Position of rear/mid/forefoot during heel strike/mid stance/ toe off Leg swing
44
Leg length discrepancy
Uneven head bounce Unilateral pelvic drop Uneven stride length Excessive pronation or supination
45
Warm up
Mild sweating without fatigue | 15-30 mins
46
Stretching
Passive flexibility
47
Training periodization
Conditioning phase Pre-competition phase Competition phase
48
Conditioning phase
Power, strength, anaerobic fitness
49
Pre-competition phase
Works on technique
50
Competition phase
Focuses on competitive performance and psychology of athlete
51
Cross training
Maintains on aerobic fitness while reducing stress on weight bearing joints and muscles and tendons Good for rehab and return to sport after injury
52
Dry fields in football
Increase risk of ACL injuries
53
Athletic amenorrhea
Increases risk of fracture and psychology of athlete important for injury prevention

Sports and Exercise Medicine iBSc (13 decks)

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