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principles of neoplasia Flashcards

lecture 35 (77 cards)

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1
Q

define atrophy

A

the diminution of growth due to a decrease in the size or number of the cells of a tissue

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2
Q

define hypertrophy

A

the increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of the cells

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3
Q

define hyperplasia

A

an increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the number of component cells. it persists only as long as its cause

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4
Q

what extrinsic factors control tissue integrity

A

1 - ligand receptor competence factors, allow it to enter the cell cycle
2 - physical interactions with the ECM
3 - cell cell adhesion
4 - commitment factors (hormones and ligands) allow progress through cell cycle

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5
Q

what protein families regulate cell cycle

A

1 - cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)
2 - cyclins
- regulated by cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs)

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6
Q

describe G1

A
  • high metabolic activity, much replication.
  • duration depends on external factors
  • contains checkpoint for commitment to mitosis and after this the cell is independent of external factors
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7
Q

3 cell cycle options in G1

A

1 - replicate
2 - enter G0
3 - terminally differentiate and loose the ability to replicate

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8
Q

3 classifications of cells

A

1 - permanent cells - terminally differentiated like neurons and striated myocytes
2 - conditional renewal populations - in G0, can enter G1 following loss or injury or raised funciton
3 - continually self renewing - replace the terminally differentiated pool

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9
Q

which populations of cells contain - stem cells, transit amplifiers, terminally differentiated?

A

skin, gut, urinary, genital, bone marrow, lymphoid

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10
Q

process of intestine epithelial renewal?

A

slowely dividing stem cell compartment at the bottom of a crypt.
- rapidly dividing transit amplifying cells
- non dividing, fully differentiated cell at the top.
process takes 3 - 5 days. apoptosis at the top of the villus.

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11
Q

an example on why extracellular support is needed for cell function?

A

in most tissues the position of the cell is critical for the retention of the stem cell phenotype eg bone marrow stem cells depend on the stromal cells.

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12
Q

what are the key characteristics of stem cells?

A

1 - undergo renewing mitotic divisions
2 - the number of daughter cells that retain the stem cell phenotype is strictly controlled eg wounding
3 - the stem cell pool is replenished but not expanded.

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13
Q

define metaplasia

A

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

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14
Q

when does metaplasia ususally occur?

A

almost always a response to persistent injury, commonly glandular epithelium to a squamous one. is reversible if the injurious stimulus is removed.
2 particular sites - exposure of bronchial epithelium persistently to tobacco smoke
- exposure of endocervix of the uterus to acid pH, infection, semen. leads to squamous metaplasia.

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15
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

part of the spectrum of changes of preinvasive neoplasia. they do not necessarily revert to normal when the stim is removed.

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16
Q

morphology of dysplasia

A

1 - regular organised appearance of the epithelium disturbed by variations in shape and size of the cells
2 - increased nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
3 - pleomorhpism - irregularity with variation in nuclear size, shape, chromatin staining.
4 - hyperchromatic nuclei
5 - increased mitosis
6 - distortion of the proliferating vs non-proliferating compartment

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17
Q

define tumour

A

classically defined as a swelling but generally speaking is referring to a neoplasm

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18
Q

define a neoplasm

A

an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncordinated with that of the normal tissue that persists in the same excessive manner after the stimulus is removed.
- they are ireversible

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19
Q

the hallmarks of cancer vs neoplasia

A

the ability to invade and metastasise. these tumours are malignant

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20
Q

define benign neoplasm

A

they proliferate and divide but do not invade surounding tissues. are relatively predictable and usually cause symptoms by compression or obstruction or excessive hormone production.

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21
Q

symptoms and signs of destructive invasive growth by cancers

A
  • blood loss
  • pressure and destruction of adjacent tissue
  • obstruction or constriction of flow in vital organs.
  • metabolic effects such as cachexia (sig weight loss 1-3 stone) or specific tumour products ie T3,T4.
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22
Q

7 neoplastic shapes

A 
sessile 
polyp
pedunculated polyp
papillary
fungating
ulcerated
annular
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23
Q

benign vs malignant characteristics

A

B - intact surface, exophytic growth, homogenous cut suface, cicumscribed or encapsulated edge. low mitotic rate.

M - heterogenous cut surface due to necrosis, ulcerated surface, endophytic growth, vascular permeation, irregular infiltrative edge. poorly demarcated. rapid growth. hyperchromatic. usually aneuploid.

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24
Q

how is a tumour primarily described?

A

benign/malignant and cel/tissue of origin

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25
what does -oma mean?
indicates a tumour or neoplasm
26
papilloma
benign squamous epithelia eg skin, cervix, oesophagus
27
adenoma
benign glandular epithelium eg colon, breast, ovary.
28
lipoma
benign connective tissue from adipocytes
29
fibroma
benign connective tissue from fibrocytes
30
chondroma
benign connective tissue from chondrocytes
31
leiomyoma
benign connective tissue from smooth muscle
32
rhabdomyoma
benign connective tissue from striated muscle
33
osteoma
benign connective tissue from bone
34
teratoma
benign connective tissue from germ cells (contianing derivatives of all three germ layers)
35
carcinomas
malignant tumours of epithelia
36
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumours of squamous epithelia - skin, oesophagus, cervix. or from cells that can mature in squamous ie bronchus which forms squamous metaplasia
37
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumours of epithelia arising from glandular epithelium such as colon, breast, stomach, pancreas, ovary etc
38
sarcomas
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues
39
fibrosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from fibrocytes
40
osteosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from osteoblasts
41
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from cartilage cells
42
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from smooth muscle cells
43
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from striated muscle
44
teratocarcinomas
malignant tumours arising from the germ cells
45
melanoma
A tumor of melanin-forming cells, malignant.
46
lymphoma
any neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue. Often used to denote malignant l., classifications of which are based on predominant cell type and degree of differentiation
47
seminoma
malignant tumour of the testis
48
what is malignant neoplasm grading?
categorising how much the differentiation of the neoplasm looks like the normal tissue. grade often relates to how aggressive the neoplasm is.
49
what is the stroma?
the vascularised connective tissue supporting the neoplastic cells of a tumour. it is not in itself neoplastic but is a response to tumour growth. cancer associated fibroblasts secrete desmoplastic stroma. the extent and composition of the stroma depends upon the molecular signals from the tumour cells.
50
what does the -aemia suffix mean?
haemopoietic system tumours.
51
leukaemia
cancer of the WBCs.classification is acute/chronic (clinical course) and myeloid/lymphoid (cell lineage)
52
3 routes of metastasis
1 - haematogenous (either embolic or by growing along the vessel). the thick elastic walls of arteries and arterioles are resistant however. 2 - lymphatic (causes distention often) 3 - transcoelomic to the peritoneum.
53
describe cancer staging
TNM - tumour size 1-4 - degree of lymph node involvement 0-2 (0, 1 or two, loads) - extent of metastasis 0-2 (0, isolated, multiple) often the most important determinant of post operative treatment.
54
change in hilar lymph nodes when lung cancer spreads?
normally black due to carbon taken there by macrophages from air pollution but if they go white and expand then theyre full of tumour.
55
rhabdomyoma
benign connective tissue from striated muscle
56
osteoma
benign connective tissue from bone
57
teratoma
benign connective tissue from germ cells (contianing derivatives of all three germ layers)
58
carcinomas
malignant tumours of epithelia
59
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumours of squamous epithelia - skin, oesophagus, cervix. or from cells that can mature in squamous ie bronchus which forms squamous metaplasia
60
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumours of epithelia arising from glandular epithelium such as colon, breast, stomach, pancreas, ovary etc
61
sarcomas
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues
62
fibrosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from fibrocytes
63
osteosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from osteoblasts
64
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from cartilage cells
65
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from smooth muscle cells
66
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumours arising from connective tissues from striated muscle
67
teratocarcinomas
malignant tumours arising from the germ cells
68
melanoma
A tumor of melanin-forming cells, malignant.
69
lymphoma
any neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue. Often used to denote malignant l., classifications of which are based on predominant cell type and degree of differentiation
70
seminoma
malignant tumour of the testis
71
what is malignant neoplasm grading?
categorising how much the differentiation of the neoplasm looks like the normal tissue. grade often relates to how aggressive the neoplasm is.
72
what is the stroma?
the vascularised connective tissue supporting the neoplastic cells of a tumour. it is not in itself neoplastic but is a response to tumour growth. cancer associated fibroblasts secrete desmoplastic stroma. the extent and composition of the stroma depends upon the molecular signals from the tumour cells.
73
what does the -aemia suffix mean?
haemopoietic system tumours.
74
leukaemia
cancer of the WBCs.classification is acute/chronic (clinical course) and myeloidlymphoid (cell lineage)
75
3 routes of metastasis
1 - haematogenous (either embolic or by growing along the vessel). the thick elastic walls of arteries and arterioles are resistant however. 2 - lymphatic (causes distention often) 3 - transcoelomic to the peritoneum.
76
describe cancer staging
TNM - tumour size 1-4 - degree of lymph node involvement 0-2 (0, 1 or two, loads) - extent of metastasis 0-2 (0, isolated, multiple) often the most important determinant of post operative treatment.
77
change in hilar lymph nodes when lung cancer spreads?
normally black due to carbon taken there by macrophages from air pollution but if they go white and expand then theyre full of tumour.

Pathology (38 decks)

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