Principles of Staining

Question 1

Colors and contrast of microorganisms in their natural state?

Answer 1

Colorless and lacking of contrast

Question 2

An auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image.

Answer 2

Staining

Question 3

Frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes.

Answer 3

Stains and dyes

Question 4

The process of fixing the microorganism, or killing it, before attaching them to the slide

Answer 4

Fixation

Question 5

Ways of fixation

Answer 5

Heat-fixing, air-drying, and chemical fixation

Question 6

Procedure of Simple Staining

Answer 6

Smear microbes to slide -> air-dry -> drip methanol onto specimen to fix -> flood slide with stain -> rinse with water before blotting dry -> examine with x100 objective (OIO)

Question 7

Type of staining that uses two or more dyes, as well as reacting differently with different microorganisms

Answer 7

Differential staining

Question 8

Purpose of differential staining

Answer 8

To contrast two or more organisms which maybe of the same or different species

Question 9

Who developed the Gram Stain

Answer 9

Hans Christian Gram

Question 10

When was Gram Stain developed?

Answer 10

1884

Question 11

(Gram Stain Reagent) Primary Stain

Answer 11

Crystal Violet

Question 12

(Gram Stain Reagent) Mordant

Answer 12

Gram’s Iodine

Question 13

(Gram Stain Reagent) Decolorizer

Answer 13

Alcohol

Question 14

(Gram Stain Reagent) Counterstain

Answer 14

Safranin

Question 15

Gram result that has a thick peptidoglycan

Answer 15

Gram +

Question 16

Gram result wherein the outer membranes have lipids, polysaccharide

Answer 16

Gram -

Question 17

Gram result that has 90% peptidoglycan

Answer 17

Gram +

Question 18

Gram result that has no teichoic acids

Answer 18

Gram -

Question 19

Gram result that has teichoic acids

Answer 19

Gram +

Question 20

Gram result that has a thin peptidoglycan

Answer 20

Gram -

Question 21

Gram result that does not have many polysaccharies

Answer 21

Gram +

Question 22

Color of Gram + test?

Answer 22

Purple/violet

Question 23

Color of Gram - test?

Answer 23

Pink/red

Question 24

Age of the culture the gram stain should be performed on?

Answer 24

18 to 24 hour culture

Question 25

Bacteria that cannot be seen in Gram staining

Answer 25

thick lipid layer containing mycolic acid (mycobacterium) oand atypical cell wall (mycoplasma)

Question 26

Who developed the Acid Fast Stain?

Answer 26

Franz Ziehl and Friedrich Neelsen

Question 27

To which does the acid fast stain binds strongly to?

Answer 27

To bacteria that have a WAXY material in their cell walls

Question 28

(Acid Fast Reagents) Primary Stain

Answer 28

Carbolfuchsin

Question 29

(Acid Fast Reagents) Mordant

Answer 29

Heat

Question 30

(Acid Fast Reagents) Decolorizer

Answer 30

Acid-alcohol

Question 31

(Acid Fast Reagents) Secondary Stain

Answer 31

Methylene blue

Question 31

Color of Acid Fast?

Answer 31

Pink/Red

Question 31

Color of Non Acid Fast

Answer 31

Blue/Purple

Question 31

Preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background

Answer 31

Negative staIning

Question 32

Another name for Negative staining

Answer 32

Indirect Staining

Question 33

Negative staining reagent

Answer 33

Nigrosine or India Pink

Question 34

Staining procedure used to color, isolate, identify, and study specific parts or structures of microorganisms

Answer 34

Special staining

Question 35

Types of Special Staining

Answer 35

Flagella Staining, Spore Staining, and Capsule Staining

Question 36

(Flagella Staining Results) Wet mount staining

Answer 36

Purple MO against lighter purple stain

Question 37

(Flagella Staining Results) Leifson's staining

Answer 37

Blue MO against pink/red stain

Question 38

Flagellar arrangements with one flagella at one end

Answer 38

Monotrichous

Question 39

Flagellar arrangements with multiple flagella at one end

Answer 39

Lophotrichous

Question 40

Flagellar arrangements with one flagella at each end

Answer 40

Amphitrichous

Question 41

Flagellar arrangements with multiple flagella at each end

Answer 41

Petrichous

Question 42

Special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions

Answer 42

Endospore

Question 43

Another name for Endospore Staining?

Answer 43

Schaeffer-Futon Endospore stain

Question 44

(Endospore Staining Reagents) Primary Stain

Answer 44

Malachite green

Question 45

(Endospore Staining Reagents) Decolorizer

Answer 45

Acid-alcohol

Question 46

(Endospore Staining Reagents) Secondary Stain

Answer 46

Safranin

Question 47

What does Endospore Staining usually identify

Answer 47

Bacillus and Clostridium

Question 48

Color of Endospore in Endospore Staining?

Answer 48

Green

Question 49

Color of Vegetative cell in Endospore Staining?

Answer 49

Pink/red

Question 50

Staining technique that stains the bacteria and the background, leaving the capsule unstained

Answer 50

Capsule staining

Question 51

Another name for Capsule Staining

Answer 51

Welch Method

Question 52

(Capsule Staining Reagents) Primary Stain

Answer 52

Congo Red or Nigrosin

Question 53

(Capsule Staining Reagents) Mild decolorizer

Answer 53

Copper sulfate

Question 54

Examples of Capsule Staining bacteria

Answer 54

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Cryptococcus neoformans