priniples

Question 1

explain the importance of immunology

Answer 1

Bacteria and fungi emitted by people all of the time
need a means of defending
involved in homeostasis SCID
To identify and eliminate harmful microorganisms and toxins
vaccines
polymorphic genes are those that control immune response - selected for by exposure

Question 2

explain strategy one for pathogen recognition

Answer 2

receptors recognise molecular patterns eg carbs
germ-line encoded
1 gene produce 1 receptor for surface of T cell
Pattern recognition receptor - Pathogen associated molecular patterns/damage associated molecular patterns - danger signals
PAMP - LPS, flagella, ssRNA/dsDNA
DAMP - proteins/extra cellular ATP - sign of tissue damage

Question 3

explain strategy 2 for pathogen recognition

Answer 3

recognise precise structure
millions 
recombination of gene segments 
large diversity of receptors 
antigen specific receptors - B cell - membrane bound anti-body bind to intact antigen - T cell alpha and beta protein chain make TCR bind processed antigens. bind to epitope

Question 4

advantages of strategy 1

Answer 4

many cells same receptor

fast response

Question 5

advantages of strategy 2

Answer 5

massive diversity

all structures can potentially be recognised.

Question 6

disadvantage for strategy 1

Answer 6

limited diversity

some pathogens not efficiently recognised

Question 7

disadvantage for strategy 2

Answer 7

very specific - have to be expanded to have an effect

random nature - potential autoimmunity

Question 8

describe the innate immune response

Answer 8

birth
pre-formed and rapidly synthesised components
limited specificity
minute/hour
destroy foreign nucleic acid
activates inflammatory pathways
signal immune cells - type 1 interferons
buys time
directs appropriate adaptive immune response
neutrophil, macrophage, eosinophils
acute phase proteins, cytokines, complement

Question 9

describe the acquired immune response

Answer 9

adaption to exposure 
clonal selection - priming 
form memory
days 
specific 
cellular/humoral immunity
lymphocytes 
T and B lymphocytes with distinct surface markers
cytokines and antibodies

Question 10

explain clonal selection

Answer 10

random recombination
single antigen receptor 
lymphocytes that meet antigen survive 
majority naïve cells die 
antigen bind receptor 
clonal expansion 
effector lymphocytes

Question 11

What happens to lymphocytes when the antigen is removed from the body

Answer 11

some memory, most die
regulate numbers
rapid and greater immune response