PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS IN GENETICS Flashcards by Ana Dumangcas

can be used to
predict the outcomes of genetic crosses

laws of inheritance

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are concerned
with the types of offspring produced from
their crosses

Animal and plant breeders

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___ are interested in predicting the
traits that their children may have. This is particularly important in the case of families with___.

Parents
genetic diseases

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However___ can help
couples by predicting the likelihood of them having an affected child

genetic counselors

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This probability may influence the couple’s decision to

have children or not

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The ____ of an event equals the number of times it happens divided by the number of opportunities.

probability definition

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The numbers of a probability of an event can be determined by
____ and ____.

experiment or by knowledge of the
system.

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The value of studying genetics is in
understanding how we can predict the likelihood of inheriting particular traits.

Basic Principles of Genetics Probability of Inheritance

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This can help plant and animal breeders in developing varieties that have more _____.

desirable qualities.

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It can also help people ____ and ____ patterns of inheritance in family lines.

explain and predict

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One of the easiest ways to calculate the mathematical probability of inheriting a specific trait was invented by an ____

early 20th century English geneticist named Reginald Punnett.

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Reginald Punnett. His technique employs what we now call a ____.

Punnett square.

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a simple graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of ____ that can occur in children, given the ___ of their parents.

genotypes

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It also shows us the odds of
each of the ____ occurring.

offspring genotypes

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Why is it important for you to know about Punnett squares?

predictive tools when considering having children.

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If both parents are carriers of the recessive allele for a disorder, all of their children will face the following odds of inheriting it:
____ chance of having the recessive disorder
____ chance of being a healthy carrier ____ chance of being healthy and not have the recessive allele at all.

25%
50%
25%

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If a carrier (Aa) for such a recessive disease mates with someone who has it (aa), the likelihood of their children also inheriting the condition is _____.

far greater

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If one parent is a carrier and the other has a recessive disorder, their children will have the following odds of inheriting it:
___ chance of being a healthy carrier
___ chance having the recessive
disorder

50%
50%

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In addition to ____, _____, and ____ are recessive disorders.

cystic fibrosis, albinism, and
beta-thalassemia(severe anaemia)

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Some disorders are caused by _____ for genes.
Inheriting just one copy of such a _____ allele will cause the
disorder.

dominant alleles, dominant

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dominant allele will cause the
disorder. This is the case with

Huntington disease,
achondroplastic dwarfism, and polydactyly.

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If only one parent has a single copy of a dominant allele for a dominant disorder, their children will have a ____ chance of inheriting the disorder and
____ chance of being entirely normal.

50%
50%

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If P is = 0, then the event is ____.

impossible

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It is also possible to determine probability by experiment:
if the die were) ____.

unbalanced

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Probability is expressed in numbers between ___ and __.

0 and 1.

Probability = 0 means the event ____; probability = 1 means it ____.

never happens always happens.

The total probability of all possible event always sums to __.

The accuracy of the probability prediction depends largely on the _____.

size of the sample.

Often, there is ____ between observed and expected outcomes. This is due to _____.

deviation random sampling error.

Random sampling error is ______, and small for ______.

large for small samples large samples

Probability calculations are used in genetic problems to ____.

predict the outcome of crosses.

To compute probability, we can use three mathematical operations

Sum rule Product rule Binomial expansion equation

indicates the need to add

THE SUM RULE (“OR” RULE)-

The probability that either one of 2 different events will occur is the ___ of their separate probabilities.

sum

This rule can be used to calculate the probability of an event when the event of interest can be one of two or more events

THE SUM RULE (“OR” RULE)

Can only be used for mutually exclusive events

THE SUM RULE (“OR” RULE)

formula of THE SUM RULE (“OR” RULE)

P(event A or event B) =P(A) + P(B)

Two events are _____ if the occurrence of one excludes the occurrence of the other

mutually exclusive

Two events are _____ if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the other.

independent

= p(A ” and “A) “or” p(A “and “a)

= p(A x A) + p(A x a)

indicates the need to multiply

THE PRODUCT RULE (“AND” RULE)-

When two or more events occur independently of one another, but at the same time, we can calculate the probability of possible outcomes when they occur together

THE PRODUCT RULE (“AND” RULE)

P (event A and event B) =

P(A) x P(B)

Can only be used for independent events

THE PRODUCT RULE (“AND” RULE)-

indicates the need to add

AT LEAST” STATEMENT:

= p(3 out of 5) “or” p(4 out of 5)”or” p (5 out of 5)

= p(3 out of 5) + p(4 out of 5)”or” p (5out of 5)

indicates the need to use the formula for combinations.

THE BINOMIAL FORMULA (COMBINATION STATEMENTS):

The binomial formula can determine ____

probabilities of sets of events

It is applicable in a very specific circumstances

THE BINOMIAL FORMULA (COMBINATION STATEMENTS):

Apply this formula when you want the probability that a set of events will consist of so many of one type of event and so many of another type of event, and the order of the events does not matter

THE BINOMIAL FORMULA (COMBINATION STATEMENTS):

If the order does matter, the ______ is usually the way to do

product rule

Each of the events in the set can have only ___ possible outcomes

two

In Binomial Formula, n indicates ____.

total number of events

In Binomial Formula, p indicates ____.

number of 1 kind (type A events)

In Binomial Formula, q indicates ____.

number of the alternative (type B events)

In Binomial Formula, r indicates ____.

probability of p occurring (probability of Type A event)

In Binomial Formula, s indicates ____.

probability of q occurring (probability of Type B event)

Evaluates the influence of chance on genetic data.

CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS-

X2 values greater than those shown at p = 0.05 the null hypothesis

Failing to reject, the observed deviation are attributed to chance

X2 values lesser than those shown at p=0.05 the null hypothesis

-reject the null hypothesis

If fail to reject- the observed deviation froms expected is not attributed to _____ ; there is a need to re-examine.

chance alone