Problem 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Obsessions

A

Refer to

a) thoughts
b) images
c) impulses

which are persistent and uncontrollably intrude on consciousness

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2
Q

Compulsions

A

Refer to repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels must perform

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3
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

Is a chronic anxiety disorder, where people experience anxiety as a result of their obsessional thoughts + when they can’t carry out these behaviors

–> 1-3% prevalence, with a high rate of relapse

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4
Q

Why is OCD often undetected in people ?

A

OCDs know their thoughts are irrational (high insight) yet cannot control them, which results in a secretive behavior

–> tends to be chronic if not treated

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5
Q

Gender differences of OCD ?

A

Peak of onset for males (more counting, checking)
–> 6-15 y/o

for females (hand washing)
--> 20-29 y/o
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6
Q

Comorbidity

A
  1. Depression
    - -> 66%, suicide risk
  2. Panic attacks
  3. Phobias
  4. Substance abuse
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7
Q

What are common Obsessive compulsions ?

A
  1. Aggressive impulses
  2. Sexual thoughts
  3. Fear of contamination and dirt
  4. Religion/Spiritual beliefs
  5. Symmetry + Ordering
  6. Magical thinking

–> think that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will ward off danger to themselves

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8
Q

Biological theories of OCD ?

A

Focuses dysfunctional primitive brain circuits of OCDs, which makes them unable to turn of primitive impulses

  1. Orbital region of the FL
  2. Caudate nucleus (BG)
    - -> only lets strong impulses pass by
  3. Thalamus

=> if the impulses actually reach thalamus, this will motivate people to act on their thoughts

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9
Q

Heritability of OCD ?

A

OCD runs in families and is genetically inheritable

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10
Q

Cognitive behavioral theories of OCD ?

A
  1. Suggests that OCD develops though Operant conditioning

–> as symptoms of compulsions are reduced when engaging in certain behaviors

  1. OCDs are unable to turn off intrusive + negative thoughts

–> because they

a) are depressed, or generally anxious anyways
b) Have a tendency toward rigid moralistic thinking
c) Feel more responsible for events that happen in ones life
d) Want to be able to control all thoughts

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11
Q

Biological treatments

A

Antidepressant drugs affecting levels of serotonin
–> Clomipramine, SSRIs

BUT: only reduced a half + chance of relapse when stopping to take them

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12
Q

Behavioral treatments

A

Combination of drugs + behavioral therapies

–> exposure and response prevention (ERP), where the patient learns that not engaging doesn’t lead to a terrible result

MOST EFFECTIVE

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13
Q

Thought action fusion

TAF

A

Refers to the belief that ones unpleasant, unacceptable thoughts can influence events in the world

–> is a cognitive bias, that can have 2 forms

a) Likelihood TAF
b) Moral TAF

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14
Q

Likelihood TAF

A

Refers to the belief that having an unwanted, unacceptable intrusive thought increases the likelihood of that a specific adverse event will occur

ex.: If i think about becoming ill, I will become ill

–> more/especially related to OCD

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15
Q

Moral TAF

A

Refers to the belief that having an unacceptable intrusive thought is almost the moral equivalent of carrying out that particular act

ex.: Thinking about swearing in church is almost as bad as actually swearing in church

–> related to depression + religion

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16
Q

TAF is important in the etiology and maintenance of OCD.

But is TAF only prominent in OCD ?

A

No,

It also occurs in other anxiety disorders such as

a) GAD
b) Panic disorder
c) Eating disorders

17
Q

Do OCDs show memory deficits as a result of the compulsive checking behavior ?

If so, Why ?

A

Yes and No,

Memory accuracy is not affected but memory confidence/metamemory decreases significantly over time

  1. a) Checking leads to memory distrust which leads to more checking
    - -> vicious cycle

b) Cognitive model of compulsive checking (Rachman)

18
Q

Cognitive model of compulsive checking

Rachman

A

Suggests that

a) inflated responsibility
b) perceived severity of harm
c) probability of harm

interact to produce the checking behavior

–> it is then maintained by a self-perpetuating mechanism, that works for relevant not irrelevant checking

19
Q

Extinction

A

Involves presenting the CS repeatedly in the absence of the associated aversive stimuli (US)

–> is the proxy to Exposure therapy

20
Q

Inhibitory learning

A

Suggests that the original CS-US association that was learned is not erased during extinction but left intact as a new inhibitory learning about the CS-US develops (=CS no longer predicts US)

–> considered to be central to extinction

ex. : breaking the link between fear (US) + cue for contamination (CS)
- -> excessive handwashing (CR)

21
Q

Why are individuals that have anxiety disorders vulnerable to relapse ?

A

Because to CS-US association is never fully extinct, but just reduced

–> they also show deficits in the mechanisms that are central to extinction learning

22
Q

Habituation models

A

Suggest that fear reduction during an exposure trial is a necessary precursor to longer lasting cognitive changes in the CS-US association (=perceived harm associated with stimulus)

23
Q

Name the 8 therapeutic strategies for enhancing inhibitory learning and its retrieval

A
  1. Expectancy violation
  2. Deepened extinction
  3. Reinforced extinction
  4. Variability
  5. Removing safety behaviors
  6. Attentional focus
  7. Affect labeling
  8. Mental reinstatement/Retrieval cues
24
Q

How does linguistic processing/affect labeling enhance inhibitory regulation ?

A

It activates a region of the frontal cortex (VLPFC) which reduces the activity in the amygdala

–> this reduces anxious responding, as limbic system activity is dampened

25
Q

The focus of exposure therapy may differ depending on the condition being treated.

Nonetheless each will contain 3 essential elements.

Name them.

A
  1. Specific goal
    - -> deciding on duration + behavioral goals
  2. Anticipated negative outcome
    - -> engaging in a task designed to violate the expected outcome
  3. Recognition and consolidation of the non-occurrence of the anticipated event
    (4. Inhibitory learning enhancement and inhibitory regulation enhancement strategies)
26
Q

Expectancy violation

A

Designing exposures to violate specific expectations

e.g.: “Test it out”

27
Q

Deepened extinction

A

Presenting 2 cues during the same exposure after conduction the initial extinction with at least one of the 2

e.g.: “Combine it”

28
Q

Reinforced extinction

A

Occasionally presenting the US during the exposures
–> restoring the old link which will scare them, because this will reinforce that it isn’t necessary

e.g.: “Face your fear”

29
Q

Variability

A

Varying the stimuli and the contexts

30
Q

Removing safety behaviors

A

Decreasing the use of safety signals + behaviors

e.g.: “Throw it out”

31
Q

Attentional focus

A

Maintaining the attention to the target CS during the exposure

e.g.: “Stay with it”

32
Q

Affect labeling/Linguistic processing

A

Encouraging the clients to describe their emotional experience during exposure

e.g.: “Talk it out”

33
Q

Mental reinstatement/Retrieval cues

A

Using a cue that is present during extinction or imaginary reinstating previous successful exposures

–> re-consolidation, to prevent relapse

34
Q

Related OCD disorders

A
  1. Hair pulling disorder
  2. Skin picking disorder
  3. Hoarding
  4. Body dysmorphic
    - -> seeing the body as more strange than it actually is
35
Q

Magical thinking

A

bla

36
Q

What are the main differences that distinguish the negative + intrusive thoughts of normal people from abnormal ones ?

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Duration
  3. Intensity
  4. Consequences
  5. Threshold
    - -> meaning sensitivity to the same context
37
Q

Mood-as-input hypothesis

A

Suggests that people use concurrent mood as info about whether they have successfully completed a task or not

–> stopping the ritual due to a “mood-change” that serves as an indicator

38
Q

Why is thought suppression rather counterproductive ?

A

Rebound effect

–> will think about it even more