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Psychopathology > Problem 5 > Flashcards

Problem 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

Refers to all the ways we act, think, believe and feel that make each of us unique

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2
Q

Personality trait

A

Refers to a complex pattern of

a) behavior
b) thought
c) feeling

that is stable across time + situations

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3
Q

5-factor model of personality

A

Suggests that everyones personality is organized along 5 broad dimensions/factors of personality (The big 5)

  1. Emotionality
  2. Extraversion
  3. Openness to experience
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness

–> each has a number of facets/dimensions

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4
Q

The DSM 4 treats personally disorders as if they were entirely different from “normal” personality traits.

How ?
Name the main differences to DSM 5.

A
  1. Lists 10 personality disorders which are grouped into 3 Clusters
  2. PDs are placed on Axis II of the diagnostic disorders
    - -> instead of acute disorders
  3. Categorical, not dimensional
    e. g.: Cluster A,B,C and NOS
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5
Q

Cluster A

odd + eccentric

A

Contains the

a) Schizoid
b) Schizotypal
c) Paranoid

personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are strange + unusual

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6
Q

Cluster B

dramatic + erratic

A

Contains the

a) Antisocial
b) Borderline
c) Histrionic
d) Narcissistic

personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are impulsive + unstable

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7
Q

Cluster C

anxious + fearful

A

Contains the

a) Avoidant
b) Dependent
c) Obsessive-compulsive

Personality disorders, suggesting that these peoples behaviors are nervous + worried

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8
Q

Cluster NOS

Not otherwise specified

A

Contains

a) Depression
b) Passive-Aggressiveness

–> most prevalent personality disorders

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9
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

NPD

A

Involves acting in a grandiose manner + seeking admiration from others, while depending on ones self evaluation (=never relying on others)

–> shallow in emotional expression + relationships with others, combined with a lack of concern for others

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10
Q

Prevalence of Narcissistic PD ?

Gender differences ?

A
  1. Very rare, with a lifetime prevalence of 1%

2. More prevalent in men

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11
Q

Cognitive theory/approach of NPD

A

Narcissistic PD develops as a result of indulgence + overvaluation by significant others during childhood

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12
Q

Treatment options for Narcissistic PD ?

A

Exploratory collaborative approach (Cognitive technique)

  1. to develop more realistic expectations of ones abilities
  2. Identifying patients regulatory patterns
    - -> range between healthy + pathological patterns
  3. Challenging ones self-aggrandizing ways of interpreting situations

BUT: Usually don’t seek treatment except for when they develop depression or interpersonal problems

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13
Q

Comorbidity of NPD

A
  1. Substance abuse
  2. Mood disorder
  3. Suicidality

–> can obscure the regular signs of NPD

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14
Q

Multifactural Etiology of NPD

A
  1. Inheritance (40%)
  2. Temperament
  3. Psychological trauma
  4. Age-inappropriate role assignments
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15
Q

Is NPD treatable ?

A
  1. Narcissistic traits can be changed over time, but change is only temporal
  2. Patients usually tend to drop out as soon as mood swings or depressions lessen

–> no enduring change (50% remission)

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16
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Symptoms of NPD are maladaptive strategies for managing emotions + self views

–> individuals did not develop realistically positive view of themselves + adaptive strategies for handling stress as children and thus rely on praise + domination of others for their self esteem

AND: as a result, they rely on praise and domination of others for their self-esteem

17
Q

What factors can influence narcissistic self regulation + competence in social interactions ?

A
  1. Deficiencies in emotion processing + recognition
    - -> less accurate
  2. Comprised emphatic functioning
    - -> losing sight of whose feelings belong to whom
  3. Motivation/ Agency + self-regulation
18
Q

Are therapeutic treatments effective ?

A

No, due to disconnect between own feelings and feelings perceived in others

–> talk and relate in ways that control interaction

e.g.: “speak at clinician not to”, thus clinician can’t reach them

19
Q

Alexithymia

A

Refers to the inability to

a) identify + describe feelings in words
b) differentiating feelings from bodily sensations caused by emotional arousal

20
Q

What do narcissists gain from relationships ?

A

Positive attention + sexual satisfaction

–> finding a way to receive the benefits of a relationship without enduring the costs

21
Q

How do narcissists maintain/lead relationships ?

A
  1. Maintaining a relationship with a partner by using charm, extraversion + confidence
    - -> gives narc positive attention, esteem + sexual resources
  2. Not letting the relationship become too intimate instead they disengaging in
  3. Covertly seeking out other potential romantic partners
    - -> thus maintaining power + freedom in existing relationship, gain esteem and sexual access from additional partners + easy transition to another relationship

=> Corresponds to ludus
(game-playing love style)

22
Q

Narcissism

A

Refers to a normal personality trait that differs between people

–> associated with high unstable self-esteem + relying on several strategies to minion the inflated self beliefs

23
Q

Narcissism is a crucial moderator of … ?

A

Agressiveness + angry reactions to rejection

–> violence is a strategy for gaining respect, thus NPDs have a lower threshold for social rejection

24
Q

Difference between high vs low self esteem individuals when it comes to love ?

A
  1. HSI
    - -> less likely to experience manic love + associated to eros (love style)
  2. LSI
    - -> experience love more intensely/ manic
25
Q

There are 6 distinct love styles.

Name them and their meaning.

A
  1. Eros (Non-NPD)
    - -> physical passion + desire for rapidly escalating romantic involvement
  2. Ludus (NPD)
    - -> game-playing, aversion to partner dependence
  3. Storge
    - -> emphasis on companionship and trust in relationships
  4. Pragma
    - -> pragmatic/practical approach to romantic relationships
  5. Mania
    - -> painful obsession with love object
  6. Agape
    - -> selfless regard for the well-being of the romantic partner
26
Q

Biological theory of NPD

A

Prefrontal gray matter (GM) volume differences suggest deficits in

  1. empathic functioning
    b) emotion regulation + processing
    c) development of self-referential processing bias

–> indifference to fearful + sad stimuli

27
Q

In early versions of the hybrid model, NPD was not included as a specific personality disorder type.

Why was that ?

A
  1. It has extensive comorbidity with other mental disorders

2. Narcissism is a trait that appears in many other conditions

28
Q

What are the differences between the DSM 5 section II NPD vs section III NPD ?

A
  1. Section III explicitly acknowledges both grandiose (inflated) + deflated (vulnerable) presentations

–> Section II only presents grandiose presentation

  1. Section III recognizes grandiosity and feelings of entitlement may be either overt or covert

–> Section II only focuses on overt presentation

29
Q

Limitations of DSM 4

A
  1. Some symptoms do not really show much tendency to co-occur

–> 2 persons diagnosed with the same disorder might not have any symptoms in common

  1. Two disorders might have overlapping symptoms and may be diagnosed together

–> people might me diagnosed with 2 or more disorders

  1. “Clusters” of disorders do not match factor analysis results
  2. A personality disorder should be seen as a continuum, not as a category

=> because having it is a matter of degree

30
Q

Principle of least interest

A

Suggests that the person with the least interest has more control over the relationship

–> NPDs act on this

31
Q

Narcissistic injury

A

Occurs when narcissists react negatively to perceived or real criticism or judgment, boundaries placed on them, and/or attempts to hold them accountable for harmful behavior

ex.: divorce, job firing

–> rejection

32
Q

Narcissistic mirroring

A

Needing to be seen by their surrounding the same way they see themselves

ex.: admiration, attention

–> what they need

33
Q

Narcs can usually be in 2 different states, meaning overt vs covert.

Specify these states and their meaning.

A
  1. Overt
    Grandiosity
  2. Covert
    - -> Vulnerability

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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