Procedures Flashcards by Gabby Giglio

Average bodybuild comprising 50% of the population

Sthenic

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Below average body build comprising 35% of population

Hyposthenic

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Stomach is lower to midline j shape

Hypostatic & astheic

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Extremely small body build comprising 10% of population

Asthenic

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Above average or massive bodybuild comprising 5% of the population

Hypersthenic

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Stomach high and transverse lateral long as horizontal

Hypersthenic

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Standing erect, looking straight ahead, palms facing forward

Anatomical position

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Describes the body part as seen by the image receptor or other recording medium, such as fluorescopic screen

Radiographic view

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Refers to specific body position, such as supine, prone, recumbent, erect, or trendelenburg (patients physical position)

Radiographic position

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Refers to The path of central Ray

Radiographic projection

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Medial and anterior to fibula

Tibia

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Located at the level of c4-5

Thyroid cartilage

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Located at the level of t2-3

Sternal (jugular) notch

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Look it at the level of t4-5

Sternal angle

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Locate at the level of t10

Xipoid process

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Locate at the level of l1-2

Lower coastal margin

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Located at the level of l3-4

Illiac crest

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Located at s1

Asis

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Located at the level of symphsis pubis

Greater trochanter

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Depression along the MSP of frontal bone

Glabella

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Located at the medial and lateral portion of the eye

Inner and outer canthus

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Inferior and Superior boney portion of the orbit

Infra and Supra orbital margin

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Lateral bony portion of the orbit

Mid lateral orbital margin

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Most prominent portion of the mandible along the MSP

Mental point

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Point along the MSP at the top of the bridge of the nose

Nasion

Surface landmark located at the inferior nasal spine

Acanthion

Angle of the mandible

Gonion

Surfaced landmark located at the occipital protuberance

Ionin

Most Superior portion of the cranium

Vertex

Ridge of the Bone across the superior portion of both orbits

Superciliary ridge

Line connecting the pupils of the eye - also known as the interorbital line (lol)

Interpupillary line (IPL)

Line connecting the bilateral orbital margin and the external auditory meatus (eam)

Orbitomeatal line (oml)

Line connecting the inferior orbital margin and the EAM

Infraorbitalmeatal line (ioml)

Line connecting the superior orbital margin and the EAM

Supraorbitometal line (soml)

Line connecting the acanthion and the eam

Acanthiomeatal line (aml)

Line connecting the glabella and the eam

Glabellomeatal line (gml)

Line connecting the junction of the lips and the eam

Lips metal line (lml)

Line connecting the mental point and the eam

Mentomeatal line (mml)

Typical skull shape - petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially out of angle of 47° from the MSP

Mesocephalic

Short from front to back broad from side to side Shallow from vertex to base - petrous pyramids lie at an average angle of 54°

Brachycephalic

Long from front to back Narrow side to side Deep from vertex to base - petrous pyramids form a narrow angle an average or 40°

Dolichocephalic

40 inches = _____ cm

100

72 Inches = ____cm

180

____ Inches x 2.5 = cm

Formula for CMS

Facial and para nasal sinus are perfered to be performed upright for ?

Air fluid levels

Also known as the towne Mid sag plane and oml is positioned perpendicular to the ir * - Cr is angled 30° caudad through the foreman Magnum to the oml OR 37° to the ioml Cr: 2-3 inches (5-8 cm) superior to the superciliary ridge (glabella)

Ap axial/ towne

Demonstrates the base of the skull (occipital/posterior region) * - positioning is determined by symmetry of the skull, posterior clinoid, dorsum sellae projected in the foreman Magnum

Townes

Msp positioned parallel to the ir IPL positioned perpindulcar to the ir *Cr: 2 inches (5 cm) superior to the eam - demos the sella turcica in lateral profile

Lateral skull

Also known as the Caldwell Msp and oml positioned perpindicular to. The ir * Cr: 15° caudad to the MSP and exiting the nasion of glabella * Puts the petrous ridges in the LOWER 1/3RD

Pa axial

Head positioned similar to that of the pa Caldwell projection Cr: directed perpendicular to the MSP and exiting the nasion Demos the frontal bone *Proper positioning is determined by the symmetry of the skull and petrous ridges of the temporal bone FILLS THE ORBITS

Pa skull

Msp position perpendicular to ir Neck is hyperextended until the ioml is positioned parallel to the ir Cr: directed perp to the MSP through the sella turcica

Smv

Msp positioned parallel to ir IOL positioned perpendicular to the ir Cr: directed towards perpendicular to the zygoma ( midway between am and outer canthus)

Lateral facial bones

Msp and MML positioned perpendicular to the IR (neck is hyperextended) Oml forms a 37° with the ir Cr: exiting at the acanthion Proper positioning determined by symmetry of the school and the petrus ridges projected completely inferior to maxillary sinus

Parietaocanthial (Waters)

Msp positioned perpendicular to the ir Neck is hyperextended so the oml is placed at a 55@° angle to the ir Demos the orbits and possible blow out fracture Petrous ridges in the MIDDLE of the maxillary sinuses

Modified waters

Head is placed in the true lateral position with the MSP parallel to the ir IPL is perpendicular to the ir Cr: directed 25° cephalic through the mandibular ramus closest to the ir

Axiolateral oblique

What position is the head put in for axiolateral oblique of the ramus

True lateral

What position is the head put in for axiolateral oblique of the body

30° towards the table

What position is the head put in for axiolateral oblique of the mentum

45° towards the ir

IOL position perpendicular to the IR Msp and goes 15° anteriorly (mandible is rotated 15 towards table) Cr: directed 15° caudad through the TMJ closest to the IR * Open end closed Matthews are taken of both sides (4 total)

Temporomandibular joints (modified law)

Demonstrates the bony nasal septum and roof of the nasal cavity Vomer and Palatine makeup nasal septum Done for deviated nasal septum

Waters for nasal bones

Msp positioned parallel to ir IOL position perpendicular to the ir * Cr : directed perpendicular to the IR at a point of 1&1/2 inches (1.25 cm) below the nasion Both sides are done for compassion Demos the nasal bone Closest to the ir

Nasal bones lateral

Shows all 4 sinus groups cr: perpendicular to the IR at a point 1 Inch posterior to the outer canthus of the side farthest from ir

Para nasal sinuses lateral

Demos the frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses

Pa Caldwell for para nasal sinuses

Demos the maxillary sinuses free of super imposition May also demo spehnoid sinus through an open mouth

Waters for para nasal sinuses

40 inch did Cr: 15-20 cephalic at level of c4 Demos an anterior view of the intervertebral disks space and vertebral bodies Angle is to open the joint spaces

Ap axial c spine

Demos the c1-2 relationship, the first z joint, body and dens of c2 Patients had it adjust his other line, connecting the tip of the mastery process and margin of upper and scissors is positioned perpendicular to the IR (occlusal plane)

Ap open mouth

Performed at 72 in 180 cm to minimize image magnification due to the shoulder oid - demos for table bodies and intervertebral joints, articular facets and z joints of c2-32c7-t1 Cr: perpendicular to c4 * Cross table (horizontal beam) is performed on trauma patients.

Lateral c spine

PT is rotated 45° Demos intervertebral foramina ANTERIOR OBLIQUE:15-20 CAUDAD - demos the side closest to the IR (face down angle down) POSTERIOR OBLIQUE:15-20 CEPHALIC - demos farthest from the ir (face up angle up) 72 Inches

Ap/pa axial c spine oblique

PT in true lateral Elevate arm adjacent to the grid Depress shoulders Cr: middle of the body c7-t1 Demos lowed cervical and upper t vertebrae

Lateral swimmers (cervicothoracic projection)

Put it in true lateral extension Drop chin forward and draw chin as close as possible to check (hyperflex) Ask the patient to elevate the chin as much as possible( hyperextension) Cr: directed to the level of c4, it will be about 2 inches above eam Post whip lash Pre/post for range of motion

Lat flex/ext.

Extend the tip of chin and the tip of the mastoid processes are vertical (or oml 37°) Dens lying within the circular foramen Magnum Cr: enter the neck on the MSP just distal to the tip of chin

Fuchs

Cr is directed perpendicular to the IR to the level of t7 May produce a more uniform image by placing the lower portion of the thoracic spine towards the cathode and the X-ray tube (anode heel) Demos the t spine vertebral bodies and intervertebral joints Expiration if no breathing technique

Ap t spine

*Exposure may be taken using a breathing technique in order to blur out details of the lungs and ribs *If a breathing technique is not used, exposure should be taken at the end of full expiration

T spine Lat breathing

Pier preferred to reduce radiation exposure to a sensitive organs Have patients sit or stand, just the height of the IR to include about 1 in (2.5 cm) of iliac crest For the second image elevate patients, hips or foot on the convex side of primary curvature approximately 3 or 4 in with a block

Ap or PA scoliosis series Ferguson method

For the AP, the patient lies supine with hips and knees flexed comfortably to reduce the lordotic curve (open joint space and reduce oid) Cr: directed perpendicular to the IR to the MSP at the level of the iliac crest (l4-5) Demos vertebral bodies and intervertebral joint spaces

L spine ap

Demonstrates the existence of spondylolisthesis, forward slipping of the lumbar vertebrae, usually at the L5-s1 joint space Cr: perpendicular to the IR to the center of the lumbar spine and mid coronal plane

Lateral L spine

Totally culminated view of the intervertebral joint space had demonstrates the possible existence of spondylethesis *When patients not in true lateral position cr is andled 3-5° cudal for male and 5-8° female Cr: One and 1/2-in below the level of iliac Crest in 3 in anterior to the posterior surface of the body

L5-s1

Pt rotated 45° Cr: 2 in meal to the Asis farthest from the IR Posterior obliques demonstrate articular facets and z joints closest to ir Anterior shows farthest

L spine obl

Cr: Angled the 15 cephalic along the MSP to ap point midway between the ASIS and symphis pubis Demo sacral foramina and si joints

Sacrum

Angled 10° caudal along the ps to a point 2 inches superior to symphysis pubis

Coccyx

Contest is administered to be a spinal puncture into the sub-arachnoid space (INTRACETHAL INJECTION) Preferred site is L3-4 What are soluble contrast is deposited into the subarachnid space Primary pathology: hernafied nucleus pullposus (HNP)

Myelography

Cr: and go through you CEPHALIC for males 35 cephalic for females 2: 2 inches above the symphis pubis

Si joints

posterior side of Interest iis elevated approximately 25 to 30° Cr is directed perpendicular to the IR to a level of 1-in medial and one and 1/2 in distal to ASI as far as from IR (upside) Posterior obl: demos SI joints FARTHEST from IR Anterior obl: demos side CLOSEST to ir

Si oblique

Patients supine with effective foot and leg and rotated 15° -20 to put femoral neck and hip and true AP position * Cr is started perpendicular to the IR to a point of 2 and 1/2 in distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between the synthesis pubis and asis

Ap hip

Performed on patients with a suspected hip fracture or dislocated hip who cannot perform frog leg lateral Top of grit is placed in the crease above illiac crest Ir is placed parallel to effective from all that Cr: perpendicular to long axis of femoral neck

Danelius miller cross table hip

Lateral frog leg, non-trauma lateral view used for general studies Patients, hip and ear flexed and abducted a minimum of 40 to 45° from vertical Cr perpendicular to IR through hip joint Demos lesser trochanter in profile

Unilateral frog leg

Use on possible bilateral hip fracture Grid is adjusting parallel to the femoral neck and tilted back apporx. 15° Cr: 15° posteriorly and perpendicular to femoral neck and IR

Clemens Nakayama

Both feet and legs are entirely rotated 15 to 20° to overcome anti-version of femoral necks Cr is directed perpendicular to the MSP to a point 2 in 5cm) Superior to symphysis pubis

Ap pelvis

Cr is directed 40° caudad to the msp and entering the body at the level of Asis Bridgeman method

Inlet pelvis

Males: 20-35 CEPHALIC to the MSP and 2 inches distal to the superior boarder of symphysis pubis Female: 30-45CEPHALIC and directed 2 in distal to the superior border of symphisis pubis Demos pelvic Grandma without for shortening

Outlet (Taylor method)

Patients body is placed in a 45° oblique position with affected side up – places affected hip and acetabolum and an internal oblique position Cr: directive perpendicular to the IR and drinks the body 2 in inferior to the ASIS of affected side

acetabellum (judet method)

Ilium, ischium, and pubis make up:

Hip bone

Ap or PA 72 in to reduce heart magnification Demonstrates potential air fluid levels Cr is the level of t7 Exposure taken at the end of second deep full inspiration Good if there is 10 posterior ribs on right side First and second rib comes off spine

Ap/pa chest

Left lateral typically perform to place heart closer to IR

Lateral cxr

Perform to demonstrate the apecies of the lung. Would that superimposition of clavicles Typically done for Tb May also be performed a patients standing with CR angled 15 to 20 cephalic

Lordotic chest

Performed on patients who aren't able to standard sit up patients and cardiac or respiratory arrest who have had endotracheal tube inserted

Ap supine chest

Perform to demonstrate free air or fluid and plural space RIGHT LAT- Right side down is performed if fluid is suspected and right pleural space or free air in left plural space Opposite for left lat decub

Lateral deucbits

Typically performs upright and on inspiration at level of t7 Sierra starts outside of interest approximately halfway between MSP and lateral border of rib cage

Ap or PA ribs above diaphragm

Performed on expiration and typically recumbent at level of t10

Below diaphragm ribs ap or pa

Posterior oblique (ap)– demonstrates axillary portion of ribs closest to the IR Anterior PA oblique- demonstrates axillary portion of the ribs farthest from IR Pa away

Obl ribs

Done at 72 inch sid Shoulders should be rotated posterior to prevent superposition of upper sternum Cr is perpendicular to the IR to the lateral border midsturnum

Lateral sternum

15 to 20° rotation Breathing technique requires low MA and long exposure and uses heart shadow to visualize Breathing technical blur, rib n lung detail * Sternum is demonstrated over heart shadow to the left of the vertebral column Fat people rotate less skinny more

Obl sternum

Reduce Mass by 1/2 Examines may include stress movements such as valvasa or modified valvasa (bearing down) Hiatal hernia, esophageal reflux, various is why we do the valvasa

Soft tissue neck

Performed upright or prone CR directed to the jugular notch t2-3 Bilateral chin up look Toward affected sides to demonstrate lateral border of manubrium

Sc joints

Patient place in 15° oblique position, upside arm in front of patient and downtown arm behind patient Directed level of t2-3 and 5 cm lateral to MSP RAO best demonstrates the right

Obl sc joints

Patient lies supine on table with hips and knees flexed comfortably to reduce her daughter of lumbar spine Ir is centered to level of iliac crest Cr: to the level of iliac crest Exposure is made at the end of full expiration

Ap supine and (kub)

Stomach and hepatic duct are in what quadrant

LUQ

Ileum( small intestine) descending colon and anus is are in quad

LLQ

Rectum, appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon are in what quadrant

RLQ

Liver, go better, duodenum, pancreas, common bile duct, transverse colon are in what quadrant

RUQ

Performed for air fluid levels and or interoperitoneal air (free air) Diaphragm should be demonstrated on upper portion of the image to visualize the proximal free air existence * To effectively demonstrate freer on patients in a semi-up reposition this year sure remain parallel to floor Cr: 2 to 3 in above the level of iliac crest

Ap upright abd

Performed on patients who are not able to stand or sit upright Recumbent left lateral to cut his typically performs with any freer will rise under the right hemidiaphragm and not be confused with the air in the stomach because of liver location Cr: 2 to 3 in above level of illiac Crest

Lateral decub abd

Entire stomach and duodenal loop. Body and pylorus are filled with barium

Recumbent pa prone

Best to demonstrate duodenal bulb and see loop of duodenum Demonstrates various peristic movements (rugae gi curvature) During double contrast: air/gas will fill fundus 40-79° obl (bigger pt= more rotation)

Recumbent rao

Duodenal bulb, duodenojenunal junction Double contrast study: air/gas should fill fundus Transverse colon is anterior

Recumbent right lateral

Barium filled fundus During double contrast: air/gas will fill body and pyloris

Recumbent pa (supine)

Demonstrates the fundus Provides an unobstructed view of duodenal bulb without superimposition by pyloris During double contrast exam: air/gas feels pyloris

Recumbent lpo

**Will demonstrate the presence of hiatal hernia

Recumbent AP in a 25 to 30° oblique Trendelenburg position

Ap or PA scout is used to establish ____ prior to administration of contrast media

Baseline

Barium will be located in the fundus; arrow be located in the body and pyloris

Supine

Barium will be located in the body and pyloris; air will be located in the fundus

Prone

Relative position of stomach:

Tall, thin, down and in

Central Ray is directed to l1 (Stomach is positioned higher on so then pa )

Ugi

Time sequence procedure based upon the movement of barium through the small bowel

Sbs

Portions of the small bowel include the:

Duodenum (shortest portion) Jejunum Ileum (longest portion)

For the follow through 30 minute intervals until barium reaches: 1 hour interval if time has been greater then two hours Cr at illiac crest

Large bowel

A small bowel procedures complete when reaches the

Illeoceacal valve/ spot NOT ASCENDING COLON

Enema tip insertion is in which position

Sims

Anna tip is directed

Anteriorly and superiorly 2 to 3 in

Left lateral rectum demonstrates the

Rectosigmoid region

The colon area of interest are those outlined by the

Negative contrast (air)

What demonstrates the medial side of the ascending colon and lateral side of the descending: along from the splenic flexure to the rectum?

Right lat decub

What demonstrates the medial side of the descending: and lateral side of the ascending: as well as the region from the hepatic flexure to the Cecum

Left lat decub

Hepatic, flexure and ascending: are demonstrated when in

Lpo

Splenic flexor in descending colon are demonstrated when in

Rpo

Area of interest on a posterior of the positions is the side

Farthest from IR

Anterior oblique positions can be performed with the side of interest

Closest to ir

Demonstrate the entire: including flexures and the rectum

PA or ap

Requires a 30 to 40° central. Ray directed cephalic for the AP axial caudad for pa Cr: 2 in below Asis Demonstrates the rectosigmoid colon

Ap or pa axial sigmoid

purpose of this procedure is to demonstrate the patency of the Bill area and pancreatic ducks through retrograde injection of contrast media into the hepatopancreatic ampulla Duodenal papilla is access point for ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancteatohraphy (ERCP)

Formed by cystic and hepatic duct

Common bile duct

Non-Functional procedure that evaluates the contours and anatomical structure of urinary bladder Catheter is clamped

Cystogram (cystogrpahy)

Functional study of urethra and urinary bladder used to determine the cause of urinary retention and possible reflux to the ureters Ap for female while avoiding 30° too for males while voiding

Vcug

25 to 30° rotation *Posterior obliques place kidney farthest from IR parallel to the IR Rotates the bladder away from the distal urinary from the IR

Kidneys

Feeling of structures is in direction opposite to normal physiological flow

Retrograde

Hsp should be scheduled _____ days following onset period

7-10

Radiograpic procedure that utilizes contrast media to outline the inner contours of the uterus and demonstrate the PATENCY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES Maybe you performed as a diagnostic or an interventional therapeutic procedure Primary indications was procedures infertility

Hysterosalpingography HSG

Cr is directed perpendicular 10° posteriority to the base of third metatarsal

Ap axial foot

Medial oblique is best to demonstrate

Lateral structures

Foot is rotated medially ____

30°

Lateral oblique is best to demonstrate

Medial structure's

Demonstrates the joint availability of the foot and longitudinal Arch

Why do you do Arch lateral foot weight bearing

________ foot Is more common lateral projection because it's easier for position for the patient to perdorm

Mediolateral

Ankle is placed in dorsiflexion Plantar surface of the foot is position perpendicular to the IR CR is angled 40° to the long access entering the level of the base of the third metatarsal

Platodorsal axial calcaneus (Plato is bottom of foot) Os calus

Dorsiflexion Cr: perpendicular to the IR mid malleolar region

Ap ankle

*Dorsiflexed and is internally rotated 15 to 20° Demonstrates mortise- open joint space of the tibia, fibia, talus

Ap obl mortise

Cr is directed to medial malleolus

Lateral ankle

Medial to internal oblique separates the

Distal tibia and fibula

Obl ankle is rotated ____ medially

45°

Obtained after an inversion or aversion injury to verify presence of ligamentous tear Physician adjusts the foot in position and holds or straps for exposure when extreme is required

Stress view

Tibia is the _____ bone

Weight bearing

Leg is internally rotated 5° so the femoral epicondyles are parallel to ir Cr: 1/2 below patellar apex

Ap knee

<19 cm Thin pelvis

3-5 caudad

19-24 Avg. Pelvis

0 degrees

>24 cm Large pelvis

3-5 cephalic

Knee is placed in true lateral position Plane of patella is placed perpendicular to the IR with the knee joint flexed 20-30° Cr: 5-7 CEPHALIC entering at a point approx 1/2 inches distal to the medial epicondyle

Lateral knee

Ap projection of both knees with patients standing Demonstrates narrowing joint spaces and existence of arthritis and mensici cartilage joint spaces

Ap weight bearing knee

Demonstrates an open proximal tibular fibular joint space lateral femoral and tibial epicondyles in profile 45°

Medial oblique knee

Knee ap pa axial (tunnel) is for?

Intercondylar joint spaces

Requires lower like to be placed in the same plane (parallel to) as the IR The long access of the femur is angled approximately 70° from the surface of the film or 20° vertical Cr: perpendicular to the IR into the shaft of the lower leg entering at knee joint For fossa

Homblad method

Requires patient prone with femur in the same plane as IR Approximately forms a 40° angle with the surface of the IR Cr: Will require caudal Angle directed perpendicular to the shaft of the lower leg and during the knee joint (popliteal depression) For fossa

Camp Coventry

One knee flex approximately 30° and CR directive perpendicular to the shaft of lower leg

Beclare method

Cr: perpendicular to the IR to the patellofemoral joint space Demos transverse fractures

Lateral patella

Both knees are placed at the end of the table with them Flexed 45° Cr: angle 30 caudal from horizontal plane 60° from vertical Demonstrates tangential image of bilateral patellla and Patelofemoral joints along with vertical fractures (Sunset)

Supine flexsion 45° (Merchant method)

Knee is flexed to place Patella perpendicular to the IR Cr: directed perpendicular to the patellofemoral joint space Cr angulation depends on flexion of the knee Demonstrates patella no superposition over the femur and vertical fractures

Settegaset method (tangential patella)

Always do a knee before patella first to rule out?

Transverse patella factures

Internally rotated approximately 5° for the distal femur and 15° for proximal femur to overcome anti-version of femoral necks Both pictures require overlap

Ap femur

Utilizes a radiopaque ruler to determine accurate measurement of distance between joints Images may include single projection of lower extremity to include hip knee and ankle Termed orthoroentgenohraphy

Long bone measurement

Pronated hand placed on IR with fingers extended Cr: directed perpendicular to the third metacarpaophalangeal joint (MCP) Demonstrates general survey of the hand that affected finger

Fingers

Effected finger is placed into lateral position Medial projections are performed for the 2nd or 3rd digit Lateromedial projections are performed 4th and 5th digits Cr: to the pip joint of the affected finger

Lateral finger

Positioning the hands for an AP projection places the thumb in oblique position Cr: perp to the 1st MCP joint Trapezium must be induced

Medial obl. Thumb

Hand is pronated with fingers extended parallel to the IR Cr: directive perpendicular to the 3rd MCP joint

Pa hand

Fingers can be extended in case of foreign body localization fan lateral in order to demonstrate fingers when no soup on position Cr: directed perpendicular to the superimposed MP joints second to 5th

Lateral hand

Hand is rotated 45° Cr: directed perpendicular to the 3rd MCP joint

Hand is pronated with fingers flexed to reduce oid Cr: they're a superpendicular to the mid-carpal region

Wrist ap

Hand is placing owner deviation Wrist is angled by elevating the hand 20° to the surface of the IR (towards ulna) May also be performed by angling CR 20° towards elbow Demonstrates elongated scaphoid bone no. Superposition from other carapal bones

Scaphoid pa axial (stecher)

Hand is supinated with the elbow fully extended Epicondylar line of the below should be positioned parallel to the IR Ap projection is preferred to prevent overlap of the primary radius Wrist elbow and humerus in same plane Cr: mid shaft

Ap forearm

Elbow is flexed 90° with the hand and wrist placed in a true lateral Humerus is placed in the same plane and forearm Epicondylar line should be positioned perpendicular to the IR Cr: mid shaft

Lateral forearm

Hand is supinated with the elbow completely extended Epicondylar line is positioned parallel to the IR Elbow is centered to the IR with the humerus placed in the same plane as the forearm Cr: perpendicular to elbow joint (mid epicondylar line)

Ap elbow

U. R Medial. ~~~~. Lateral T. C ------------- Humerus

Elbow anatomy

Elbow flexed 90° with the hand and wrist positioned in true lateral position Epicondylar line is positioned perpendicular to the IR Humerus is placed in same plane as the forearm * Will demonstrate the fat pad sign * Olecranon process seen in profile

Lateral elbow

Arm is rotated externally until epicondylar line forms a 45° angle *Demos the radial head with no superimposition over the ulna and capitulum

Lateral externally obl elbow

Hand pronated and roasted internally until epicondylar line forms a 45° angle with ir * Demos olecranon and coronoid process of the proximal unla

Medial internal oblique elbow

Performed if pt. Cannot completely extend the elbow Part of interest is ( either the proximal forearm or distal humerus ) placed parallel to the IR Cr: perpendicular to the IR to part of interest

Ap elbow partial flexsion

Arm is fully extended with hand supinated Epicondylar line is placed parallel to the IR *Demos the greater tubercle in lateral profile

Ap non trauma humerus

Elbow is flexed 90° with the posterior aspect of the hand placed on hip Epicondylar line is placed perpendicular to the Ir *Demos the lesser tubercle in medial profile

Lateral non trauma humerus

Pt is rotated towards the affected side so the mid coronal plane forms an angle of 45-60° to the IR *Demos the relationship between the numeral head and the glenoid fossa- anterior or posterior dislocation

Scapular y view

Pt recumbent or erect, the affected humerus is placed in contact with it Unaffected arm is raised above the pts head * Cr is directed across the thoracic cavity to the surgical neck of the affected humerus *Cr may need 10-15° angle if the unaffected shoulder cannot be sufficiently elevated Demos proximal humerus through thoracic cavity with the lesser tubercle in profile Breathing technique: used to blur ribs Cr: horizontal to distal humerus

Transthoracic lateral trauma (Lawrence)

Cr: 1 inch inferior to coracoid process INTERNAL: Demos lesser tubercle in medial profile EXTERNAL: demos greater tubercle in lateral profile

Ap int./ext. Shoulder

Clavicle, scapula, proximal humerus

Make up shoulder

Arm is rotated internally- plan on abd Cr: perp to glenoid cavity and 2 inches medial and 3 inches inferior to super lateral border of shoulder Demos the glenohumeral joint space and glenoid cavity in profile

Posterior obl grashey

Arm is abducted to form a right angle with chest Elbow is flexed with the hand brought to forehead Cr: perp 2 inches inferior to the coracoid process Quiet resp to blur out long detial

Ap scap

Pt. Supine, prone, or upright, the arm of the affected side is relaxed at side Cr is perp to mid shaft of clav

Ap or pa clav

15-30 cephalic angle to mid shaft of clav Demos clav projected above the lung and rib

Ap axial clav

15-30 caudad Reduced magnification and radiation exposure to thyroid Skinner = More angle needed

Pa axial clav

May use 72 inch to reduce mag Two exposures taken, second using 10-15 pound weights in each hand Demos movement of ac joints when stress is applied

Ac joints (Pearson method)

Single pa project of the non dominant wrist Demos the ossification of the hand and wrist

Bone-ange study (greulich and Pyle method)

Procedures Flashcards

(208 cards)