Processes & Factors - Mnemocics

Question 1

What organisms undergo Holoblastic cleavage

Answer 1

c.elegans, xenopus, mouse, human, sea urchin

Question 2

What does HWE HMFC stand for

Answer 2

holoblastic, whole embryo, human, mouse frog and worm

Question 3

What organism undergoes meroblastic cleavage

Answer 3

zebrafish, chick

Question 4

What does CMZ stand for

Answer 4

chick meroblastic zebra

Question 5

What organism undergoes superficial cleavage

Answer 5

drosophila

Question 6

What does SXD stand for

Answer 6

Superficial, No membranes, drosophila

Question 7

Describe zygotic genome activation

Answer 7

cell movement begins, cell cycle slows & becomes asynchronous

Question 8

What does SAM stand for

Answer 8

asynchronous, slow and movement

Question 9

What are the blocks to Polyspermy

Answer 9

change in membrane potential, cortical reaction, fertilisation membrane and hyaline layer

Question 10

What does CHL PMF stand for

Answer 10

cortical reaction, hyaline & fertilisation layer, membrane potential

Question 11

What does MECCAS stand for - fertilisation

Answer 11

sperm, ca2+ wave, meiotic processes complete, cleavage divisions, egg activation, oscillations in Ca2+

Question 12

Describe the cell cycle - SSSS TMMC

Answer 12

maternal stores, transcription suppressed, S & M phases ONLY, synchronous cleavage

Question 13

What causes cell differences - SGS

Answer 13

segregation, cell-cell signalling, germline

Question 14

What does the ectoderm form? - GEN PEN

Answer 14

glia, neural crest, neurons, placodes, epidermis

Question 15

What does the mesoderm form? - SCH BKDM

Answer 15

skeletal muscle, cartilage, heart, blood, kidney, dermis

Question 16

What does the endoderm form? GALLOPYE

Answer 16

gut, associated organs, liver, lungs, pancreas

Question 17

Describe gastrulation - TAG EMM

Answer 17

triphoblast, axis establishment, gut, movement of mesoderm & endoderm inside embryo

Question 18

What are the forces driving cell & tissue rearrangement - DEPPS

Answer 18

cell death & proliferation, expression of proteins, cell shape

Question 19

What cells movements continue after gastrulation - MNNG

Answer 19

Neurulation, neural crest, migratory primordia, germ cells

Question 20

What techniques can be used for drosophila? - MATCD

Answer 20

mutagenesis, clonal analysis, transgenesis

Question 21

what techniques can be used for c.elegans? - CARMIC

Answer 21

mutagenesis, cell ablation, RNA interference

Question 22

What techniques can be used for Danio Rerio - TICTM

Answer 22

Transgenesis, injections, cell transplantations, mutagenesis

Question 23

What techniques can be used for mice - TMT

Answer 23

targeted transgenesis, mutagenesis

Question 24

What techniques can be used for xenopus - TITT

Answer 24

transgenesis, injections & tissue transplantations

Question 25

What techniques can be used for Gallus, Gallus - TITRE

Answer 25

Tissue transplantation, retroviral infection, electroporation

Question 26

Describe the first step of Hans Driesch experiment on sea urchins

Answer 26

isolate blastomeres in sea urchin embryo

Question 27

Describe the second step of the Hans Driesch experiment

Answer 27

split blastomeres at the 2 cell stage - gives rise to normally patterned small embryos

Question 28

Describe the third step of the Hans Driesch experiment

Answer 28

isolate blastomeres at 4 cell stage - four small normal larvae

Question 29

Describe the fourth step of the Hans Driesch experiment

Answer 29

Isolate animal/vegetal halves at 8 cell stage - abnormal embryos

Question 30

What experimental approaches can be used for Xenopus

Answer 30

separate blastomeres, tissue transplantation, microinjection, amphibian organiser

Question 31

what is the blastopore

Answer 31

region where gastrulation begins

Question 32

Describe the amphibian organiser experiment

Answer 32

blastopore is cut off embryo, then grafted onto ventral side of another embryo, blastopore induces formation of secondary embryo

Question 33

Why does the blastopore induce a secondary embryo

Answer 33

signalling centre and organising region

Question 34

What are the steps in making a fate map

Answer 34

label cell in early embryo, look for progeny of labelled cell, create fate map

Question 35

What are the features of an ideal marker?

Answer 35

readily visible, X perturb development, X leak into neighbouring cells, inherited by ALL progeny

Question 36

What are useful markers for fate mapping?

Answer 36

vital dyes, high molecular tracers, cytological labels

Question 37

what do fate maps discover

Answer 37

cells NORMAL development

Question 38

How do you test cell commitment

Answer 38

culture cells in isolation, compare fate and specification map

Question 39

What are the two types of transplantation between embryos

Answer 39

orthotopic & heterotopic graft

Question 40

What does it mean if a heterotopic graft from late stage of embryo forms ectopic tissue

Answer 40

by this stage the cells are committed to form this tissue