Production Machinery Flashcards
(437 cards)
1
Q
consists of parts and services provided by the manufacturers/ distributors/ dealers to the end user to ensure continuous serviceability of agricultural machinery
A
after-sales services
2
Q
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural operations
A
agricultural machinery
3
Q
authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade, sell and
service agricultural machinery to end-users
A
dealer
4
Q
trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers to distribute agricultural machinery to dealers
A
distributor
5
Q
Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity involved in the
production and distribution of agricultural machinery
A
manufacturer
6
Q
guarantee; expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and workmanship of the
products offered for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected from a product under
normal use
A
warranty
7
Q
trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its own
A
agricultural trailer
8
Q
gross weight; sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons
A
gross load
9
Q
vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer
A
ground clearance
10
Q
brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing
tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer
A
over-run brake
11
Q
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position
A
parking brake
12
Q
net weight; uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the
trailer expressed in tons
A
payload
13
Q
brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer
A
service brake
14
Q
tare weight; mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load
A
unladen mass
15
Q
horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the
center of the ground contact
A
wheel base
16
Q
wheel track; distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at the
center of ground contact
A
wheel tread
17
Q
agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles with four or more
wheels when detached from the towing tractor
A
balanced trailer
18
Q
agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, part of its load is
transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the load is carried on its axle
A
semi-trailer
19
Q
total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle
A
axle load
20
Q
hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor
A
tow eye
21
Q
discharge at maximum efficiency
A
capacity
22
Q
type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which draws water into the
pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge outlet at
the periphery of the housing by means of centrifugal force
A
centrifugal pump
23
Q
turbine pump; type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is surrounded by diffuser
vanes
A
diffuser pump
24
Q
type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve
A
volute pump
25
quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum
head
26
performance characteristic required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet
net positive suction
head required (NPSHR)
27
device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another
pump
28
ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump
pump efficiency
29
filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent
and create a liquid seal inside the casing
priming
30
power required to drive the pump shaft
shaft power
31
theoretical power required for pumping
water power
32
type of pump has an impeller which has suction cavity on one side.
single suction
33
type of pump has an impeller which has suction cavity on both sides
double suction
34
pump has a vertical impeller mounted on a horizontal shaft
horizontal centrifugal
pump
35
has a horizontal impeller mounted on a vertical shaft
vertical centrifugal
pump
36
pump is one that needs to be manually primed. The system has to be filled initially by
pouring water into the pipes from a bucket and thereafter the footvalve will keep water in
the system even after the pump is not used for some time.
non-self priming
37
one that develops a vacuum sufficiently enough for atmospheric pressure to force the
liquid to flow through the suction pipe into the pump casing without priming the pump.
self-priming pump
38
type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by propelling or
lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water
axial flow pump
39
datum elevation; for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the level of water source
to the centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical single suction pumps
base plane
40
formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse as
soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure
cavitation
41
equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the pipe
and pipe fittings
friction head
42
type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal and the axial flow
pump and in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force and partly by the lift
of the vanes on the water
mixed flow pump
43
total suction head determined at the suction nozzle (corrected to pump center line) minus
the vapor pressure of water at the pumping temperature
net positive suction
head-NPSH
44
NPSH as determined from the actual suction piping conditions
net positive suction
head available (NPSHA)
45
curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity, head, power, NPSH and
efficiency of the pump
performance curve
46
vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the discharge water level
static discharge head
47
vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump - NOTE It
exists when the source of water supply is above the center line of the pump.
static suction head
48
vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump - NOTE It
exists when the source of water supply is below the centerline of the pump.
static suction lift
49
sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the discharge piping plus the
velocity head and pressure head at the point of discharge
total discharge head
50
measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and the algebraic
difference between the total discharge head and total suction head
total head
51
vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free level of the water to be
pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and fittings, plus any pressure head
existing on the suction supply
total suction head
52
sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction piping
total suction lift
53
pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow
velocity head
54
implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used for additional
pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling and firming the soil,
closing of air pockets and eradication of weeds
disc harrow
55
set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool
gang
56
circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
concave head
57
transverse distance between two adjacent disc edges
disc spacing
58
consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in
opposite directions
single-action disc
harrow
59
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs
tandem disc harrow
60
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the
harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centerline
offset disc harrow
61
structure on which the gangs are fitted
frame
62
angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the direction of motion
gang angle
63
mechanism by which the gang angles are adjusted
gang angling
mechanism
64
shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted
gang axle
65
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the power source
hitch
66
angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs
included angle
67
component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
scraper
68
disc angle; angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
side angle
69
flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to prevent the lateral
movement of the discs on the shaft
spool
70
transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs
width of cut - disc plow
71
rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow
slice) to bury surface materials
disc plow
72
self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or propel
agricultural implements and machines
four-wheel tractor
73
unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for turning the
draft animal/tractor and implement
headland
74
sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow
slice) to bury surface materials
moldboard plow
75
angle made by the disc with the vertical line
tilt angle
76
two-wheel tractor; hand tractor; pedestrian tractor; self-propelled machine having a single
axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and
machinery
walking-type
agricultural tractor
77
distance measured from the wing of share to the point of share
width of cut -
moldboard plow
78
circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
concave disc
79
vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its
concave side is placed on a flat surface
concavity
80
beam; upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
standard
81
structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of water-well construction
drilling rig
82
serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel
drilling pipe
83
bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact with the soil
formation and serves as cutting device during drilling operation
drill bit
84
structure which supports the entire drilling system
main rig assembly
85
jetting stem; light weight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting) operation
surging stem
86
current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use
without exceeding its temperature rating
ampacity
87
switch; device, or group of devices, or other means by which the electric motor can be
disconnected from the power supply
disconnecting means
88
time rating; refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each
time it is started
duty rating
89
machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
electric motor
90
case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact with energized parts
and protect the motor from physical damage
enclosure
91
standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established by National Electric
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
frame designation
92
maximum current required to start the motor
locked-rotor current
93
number of individual voltages applied to the motor
phase
94
has three individual voltages applied to the motor
three-phase
95
has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave
single-phase
96
armature winding; rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a laminated steel core containing current-carrying copper wires
rotor
97
indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range
service factor
98
field poles; stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is placed
in a laminated iron core
stator
99
temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is above ambient
temperature
temperature rise
100
device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload or failure to start
thermal protector
101
twisting or turning force produced by the motor
torque
102
pull out torque; maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without stalling
breakdown torque
103
locked rotor torque; motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required to start
the load
starting torque
104
amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
application rate
105
part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the field
delivery tube
106
device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow
furrow closer
107
device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer
furrow opener
108
device for applying granular fertilizer
granular fertilizer
applicator
109
part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device
ground wheel
110
mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged
metering device
111
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks
field cultivator
112
auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of cultivation
and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every time you set a
cultivator down
gage wheel
113
part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together
main frame
114
tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to
reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
primary tillage
115
any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are designed to
create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted
secondary tillage
116
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
shank
117
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers
shovel
118
type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration
spike
119
type of shovel which is wing-shaped
sweep
120
part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached
transverse tool bar
121
a special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted tilling wheel and
equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in waterlogged fields
float-assist tiller
122
float; hull; component of float-assist tiller which provides buoyancy for the tiller
floatation structure
123
consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially mounted tilling blades attached to a
common shaft or axle, supported and powered by the transmission
tilling wheel
124
bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched
drawbar
125
power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters
drawbar power
126
type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels
four-wheel drive
127
type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels with small front
wheels being pushed along
two-wheel drive
128
retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs
linchpin
129
clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from the lower hitch point to the outside
diameter of the tire with the implement in raised position and all side sway removed from
the links
lower hitch point tire
clearance
130
horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost parts of the tractor in the area between
the two lower links and the horizontal line through the two lower hitch points throughout
the range of vertical movement of the hitch points
lower hutch point
tractor clearance
131
external shaft usually at the rear of the tractor providing rotational power to implements
and machines
power-take-off (PTO)
shaft
132
power measured at the PTO shaft
PTO output power
133
safety frame; roll-over protective device; two- or four-post structural frames primarily
used to protect a seat-belted operator from being crushed in case the machine rolls over
roll-over protective
structure
134
combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the tractor and the
implement at opposite ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor
three-point linkage
135
articulated connection between a link and the implement
hitch point
136
adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved vertically with
respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the implement
leveling adjustment
137
articulated connection between a link and the tractor
link point
138
pin that connects the upper link to the implement
upper hitch pin
139
pin that connects the upper link to the tractor
upper link pin
140
center to center distance between two front or rear wheels*
wheel tread
141
tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes
furrower
142
lister bottom; working part of the furrower which includes the share and moldboard
furrower bottom
143
bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better scouring in sticky soils
blackband bottom
144
bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly high speeds in most soil
conditions
general-purpose
bottom
145
bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use in combination with disc openers to open hard-baked soils
hard-ground bottom
146
part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice)
in opposite directions
moldboard
147
toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next
pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing
row marker
148
part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
share
149
structure to which the standards are mounted
toolbar
150
part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous stirring
or rotation
agitator
151
generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm
granule
152
agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the field
granule applicator
153
part of granule applicator where granules are loaded
hopper
154
opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through
orifice
155
external shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to implements
power take-off shaft
156
part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules
spinner plate
157
valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe while the plunger
is being pushed down after each up-stroke
check valve
158
valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the body of the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only
discharge valve
159
water pump powered by the movement of human arms
hand pump
160
lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some
mechanism to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the
draw pipe
handle
160
spout assembly of pump where water comes out
outlet
161
piston; part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces water up
the draw pipe
plunger
161
pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet assembly
pump head
161
plunger rod; steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly within the
cylinder
pump rod
161
pedestal; base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the draw pipe
pump stand
162
maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved
stroke
163
inlet to which the suction pipe is connected
suction inlet
164
pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves up and out to
the pump spout during pumping
suction pipe
165
hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of up to 3.4
kW (4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) using gasoline engine
type 1
166
hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of 3.5 kW to
10.8 kW (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 kW to 11.9 kW ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp)
using gasoline engine
type 2
167
structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement
hitch assembly
168
rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the manufacturer
size of primemover
169
backpack sprayer; sprayer which is operated manually with a lever and can be carried on
the back of an operator for spraying
lever-operated
knapsack sprayer
170
component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid pressure and induces
more uniform flow of the sprayed liquid
pressure chamber
171
maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when equipped with all
its internal mounting
tank capacity
172
self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily designed to
pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines
used for agricultural, forestry and other related works
agricultural tractor
173
machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a pedestrian, designed
to carry out agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat on an
attachment or trailer
pedestrian-operated
machine
174
designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s station
right-hand and left-hand
175
having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the machine, designed
to carry out agricultural operations while on the move
self-propelled machine
176
part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings
grasping fork
177
machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and leveled field
mechanical rice
transplanter
178
modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field
paddle wheel
179
rice seedlings grown in nurseries for transplanting wherein the roots are washed
thoroughly to remove the soil
root-washed seedlings
180
rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is retained with the roots for transplanting
soil-bearing seedlings
181
part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting seedlings into
a puddled field
transplanting arm
182
method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled
and transferred into puddled and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after seeding
transplanting
183
test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot
acceptance test
184
in any consignment, all components or equipment under study
lot
185
test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications
which are likely to vary during production
routine test
186
test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification
type test
187
distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out
blower range
188
diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets into two equal
halves
number median
diameter
189
diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets into two equal
halves
volume median
diameter
190
valve used to stop the flow of fluid
cut-off valve
191
fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air
mist
192
equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist
mist blower
193
part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower
wand
194
flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the soil
vertically
colter
195
central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached
frog
196
part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability
during operation
landside
197
part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow bottom
to the furrow bottom
landside heel
198
plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be used easily for stubble,
ordinary trash and stalk cover land
general-purpose
moldboard
199
plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not scour on solid moldboard
slatted moldboard
200
plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a gradual twist that
allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage
sod moldboard
201
plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly along the top edge and is
suited to work in soil which has been cultivated from year to year
stubble moldboard
202
throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s direction
left-hand plow
203
throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s direction
right-hand plow
204
reversible plow; throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plow’s direction
two-way plow
205
plow body; working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and landside,
all attached to the frog
plow bottom
206
leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside
shin
207
horizontal clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent out of line with the
landside to cut the proper furrow width
horizontal suction
208
vertical clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for the plow
to penetrate the soil to the proper depth
vertical suction
209
optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion of the
furrow slice
tailpiece
210
optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the furrow
in the furrow bottom
trash board
211
metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer
lance
212
equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to spray fertilizer or
pesticide to a certain heigh
power sprayer
213
tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out
nozzle
214
component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure
pressure relief valve
215
overflow of water from the nozzle
runoff
216
metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate
adjusting ring
217
part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered
drum hopper
218
planting equipment used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields
drum seeder
219
amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area
seeding rate
220
part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from sinking
skid
221
point on the central vertical plane of the seat
seat index point
222
pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least five times the nominal
sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream direction change or change in pipe
cross-sectional area
base pressure
223
farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at which liquid is
deposited
radius of throw
224
device which by its rotating motion around its vertical axis distributes liquid over an area
rotating sprinkler head
225
planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the soil for crop production
grain seeder
226
ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
field efficiency
227
actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
effective field capacity
228
computed rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
theoretical field
capacity
229
amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area
seed delivery rate
230
direct cooling system; system wherein air is used to remove excess heat from the engine
through metal fins or shrouds which are located around the cylinder thus creating the flow
of air to the engine body in order to maintain its operating temperature
air-cooled
231
series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the events
after the last one has occurred
cycle
232
piston requires four movements to complete one cycle
four-stroke
233
piston requires two movements to complete one cycle
two-stroke cycle
234
heat engine; mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of fuel
into mechanical energy
engine
235
type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder
internal combustion
engine
236
diesel engine; engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high
temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel
compression ignition
engine
237
gasoline engine; engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on
the compressed fuel and air mixture
spark ignition engine
238
arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder
head
overhead valve
239
arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located on one side of
the cylinder block
side valves
240
indirect cooling system; system in which water/liquid-coolant serves as the cooling
medium which circulates in the water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine
water-cooled
241
drill bit; boring part of the soil auger
auger head
242
accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach of the tool
extension rod
243
tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil research and analysis or for digging
post holes by means of a rotating helical flighting
soil auger
244
Type of soil auger with a diameter of at least 50 mm with provision for obtaining soil
samples in the auger head through different soil types
soil sampling auger
245
Type of soil auger designed for drilling holes in the soil
soil boring auger
246
Type of soil auger that makes use of human force to drill the soil
hand-operated type
247
Type of soil auger that is powered by an electric motor or an engine to drill the soil
motor-powered
248
Type of soil auger that is powered by either pneumatic or hydraulic pump to drill the soil
fluid-powered
249
action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation
tillage action
250
desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations
tillage objective
251
soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on
utilitarian and/or economic considerations
tillage requirement
252
overall tillage; tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips
broadcast tillage
253
primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm
deep tillage
254
tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil
earthmoving
255
tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations
land forming
256
tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope
land grading
257
tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined
surface condition
land planing
258
tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun,
prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines
oriented tillage
259
tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil
rotary tillage
260
shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil
condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control
soil cultivation
261
mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
tillage
262
tool depth; vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration
of the tool
tillage depth
263
system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting
or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface
during the critical erosion period
conservation tillage
264
system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a
given geographical area
conventional tillage
265
system wherein least soil manipulation is performed
minimum tillage
266
system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant
residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface
mulch tillage
267
idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given
conditions
optimum tillage
268
subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage
precision tillage
269
system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special
planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations
reduced tillage
270
system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain
or sprinkler applied water
reservoir tillage
271
system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained
from year to year in the same location
ridge tillage
272
system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled
strip tillage
273
tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues
or artificial mulches
anchoring
274
ridging; listing; tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration
bedding
275
pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade
bulldozing
276
tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used
chisel plowing
277
operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a field
combined tillage
operations
278
operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting
harrowing
279
mixing; operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or
plant residues into the soil
incorporating
280
hilling; operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway
between two previous rows of plants
middlebreaking
281
operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
off barring
282
operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion
moldboard plowing
283
operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation
residue processing
284
deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water
movement
subsoiling
285
operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit
immediately behind a tillage tool shank
vertical mulching
286
implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and
pulverizing the soil
general-purpose tillage
implement
287
implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and
harrow
plow-harrow
288
implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and
as row crop cultivator
rotary tiller
289
rotary plow; implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts
which rotate vertically
spiral plow
290
implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength
and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer
primary tillage
implement
291
implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials
chisel plow
292
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers
subsoiler
293
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
secondary tillage
implement
294
implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and leveling
comb-tooth harrow
295
implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
packer
296
implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms
the soil surface
roller-harrow
297
implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used
for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge
rotary how
298
implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass
through standing crop rows without crop damage
row crop cultivator
299
implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil
spike-tooth harrow
300
implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel
spring-tooth harrow
301
implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil
and/or by mechanical radication of undesired vegetation
cultivating tillage
implement
302
implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow
lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing
continuous-tool bar
cultivator
303
implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants
separated gang
cultivator
304
soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes
bed shaper
305
soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil
blade
306
circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil
coulter
307
force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to
drawbar pull
draft
308
operating width excluding overlap
effective operating
width
309
effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the
back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge
edge clearance angle
310
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges
of the implement
implement width
311
implement used to insert materials into the soil
injector
312
miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly
ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash
jointer
313
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when
projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel
lateral tool spacing
314
line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
line of trave
315
combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to
permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the
furrow
lister-planter
316
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected
upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
longitudinal tool
spacing
317
single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control,
and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine
mechanical tillage
implement
318
distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms
horizontal clearance
319
distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member
such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc
vertical clearance
320
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously
tilled
operating overlap
321
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function
operating width
322
soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive
tool movement
protected zone
323
shedding; soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without
significant adhesion
scouring
324
side draft; horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion
side force
325
machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage
soil-additive applicator
326
machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil
soil-additive incorporator
327
tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material
such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
soil opener
328
rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting
soil roller
329
path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool
soil-sliding path
330
length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides
soil-sliding path length
331
angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path
soil-ascending angle
332
angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal
contour line constructed through the surface of the tool
soil-sliding angle
333
configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with
the direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface
soil-tool geometry
334
portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil
soil-working surface
335
unit draft; draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section
specific draft
336
projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil
teeth
337
individual soil-working element
tillage tool
338
tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact
area to the soil
complex tillage tools
339
tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other
than along the line of travel
dynamic tillage tools
340
tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power,
or draft and electrical power
multi-powered tillage
tools
341
tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil
simple tillage tools
342
minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest
potentially obstructing implement element
tool clearance
343
maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool
performs its intended function
tool-operating width
344
position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with
the soil surface and the direction of travel
tool orientation
345
rake angle; angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis
and the soil surface
lift angle
346
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides
with the operating width of another tool
tool overlap
347
area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool
tool-skip area
348
maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion
tool width
349
vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
vertical tool spacing
350
projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can
be disturbed
wings
351
scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil
soil abrasion
352
sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels
soil adhesion
353
act of reducing the specific volume of soil
soil compaction
354
separation of a soil mass by a slicing action
soil cutting
355
alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in
shearing, compression, or tearing
soil failure
356
lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing
soil heaving
357
soil response to the application of mechanical forces
soil reaction
358
pulverization; general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage
forces
soil shatter
359
sliding of soil across a surface
soil sliding
360
movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the
tillage tool
throw
361
foreign; materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for
directly influencing the soil condition or environment
soil additive
362
masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on
soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool
adhered soil bodies
363
hard pan; plow pan; plow soil; dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created
by mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing forces
compacted layer
364
soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together
concretions
365
thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement
covering depth
366
all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign
bodies that have not originated in the soil's development
foreign materials
367
resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the
mechanical strength of the soil
mechanical impedance
368
mechanical strength; degree of resistance of soil to deformation
mechanical stability
369
clods; blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action
shear blocks
370
failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared
shear surface
371
initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear
primary shear surfaces
372
shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or
during the initial displacement
secondary shear
surfaces
373
soil peds; agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural
processes
soil aggregates
374
degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose
tillability
375
raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to
side
back furrow
376
open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent
strips of land after finishing of plowing - NOTE It is formed when two adjacent furrow
slices are thrown opposite each other.
dead furrow
377
trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice
furrow
378
peak of the turned furrow slice
furrow crown
379
depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
furrow depth
380
soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
furrow slice
381
undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow
furrow wall
382
unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip
head land
383
unplowed soil
land
384
height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
ridge height
385
soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
root bed
386
part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants
root zone
387
soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds
seedbed
388
weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or
on a dry basis
soil density
389
mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition
lever assembly
390
auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to facilitate easy turning
runner
391
tine; part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation
tooth
392
type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates using weighted or spring-loaded arm which is
propelled by the liquid stream and hits the sprinkler body
impact-driven sprinkler
head
393
hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid through a nozzle
sprinkler head
394
angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged from the sprinkler
nozzle operating at the test pressure
trajectory angle
395
rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area, either with or without the
possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire circular area
part-circle sprinkler
396
pressure range between the minimum effective pressure, pmin, and the maximum effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as the pressure range in which the sprinklers operate effectively.
range of effective
pressure
397
tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil
ripper point
398
metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability of the shank
wear shin
399
person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow
feeder
400
component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into the
furrow
feeding shank
401
sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material
sugarcane billet
402
agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets
sugarcane planter
403
Type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping sugarcanes into billets which are
dropped into the furrows
semi-automatic
sugarcane planter
404
Type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but instead, requires
pre-cut billets for planting
manual sugarcane
planter
405
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines,
implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations
agricultural machines
406
visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language
symbol
407
weeding index; percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area
weeding efficiency
408
implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land
weeder
409
unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture
and sunlight
weeds
410
plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may affect crop growth
damaged plants
411
percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation
percent damage plants
412
traction type; capable of pulling various kinds of implements
pull type
413
type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller which cuts, breaks up,
and mixes the soil and/or plant residues
rotary tilling type
414
range of operations that could be performed by the machine as specified by the
manufacturer
applicable work
415
distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the tractor
overall height
416
distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the tractor
and touching its front and rear extremities
overall length
417
distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each
plane touching the outer-most point of the tractor on its respective side and with wheels
set for minimum track
overall width
418
ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with load,
to the speed without load
slip
419
total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the fuel tank filled to
80 percent capacity and with normal amount of cooling water and lubricating oil (if engine
is integrated with the tractor) and with specified wheels
tractor weight
420
volume of fuel consumed by the engine
fuel consumption
421
any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor
implement
422
angle formed by the edges of the sweep
nose angle
423
angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base,
respectively
stem angle
424
overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point
transport height
425
overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to
the mounting point
transport length
426
reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement
wheel slip
427
any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction or stability
ballast
428
power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft
engine power
429
mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor at the drawbar over a given distance, the pull
being exerted horizontally and in the vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of the
tractor
maximum drawbar pull
430
radius of clearance circle; radius of the smallest circle described by the outermost point of
the tractor
radius of turning area
431
radius of the smallest circle tangentially described by the median plane of the outermost
wheel of the tractor
radius of turning circle
432
speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer
rated engine speed
433
quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per horsepower hour
specific fuel consumption
