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PAES Terms (Full) > Structures > Flashcards

Structures Flashcards

1
Q

plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank

A

biogas plant

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2
Q

biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber form one unit

A

integrated plant

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3
Q

digester and gas chamber form separate units

A

split type plant

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4
Q

plant with series of digesters

A

multi digester

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5
Q

plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either float directly in the
fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket

A

floating type

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6
Q

closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement pit

A

fixed type

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7
Q

plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder

A

balloon type

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8
Q

holding tank; chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and separated from heavy and nonbiodegradable materials before feeding them into the digester

A

collecting tank

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9
Q

serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank to the
digester

A

inlet pipe

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10
Q

any water and air tight container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological
degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and
methanization

A

digester

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11
Q

division in the digester that prevent the slurry from premature exit into the sludge/outlet tank

A

baffle board

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12
Q

agitator; mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry

A

stirrer

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13
Q

space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of biogas

A

gas chamber

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14
Q

cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position at the desired biogas
pressure

A

gas holder retainer

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15
Q

serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out

A

outlet pipe

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16
Q

layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall

A

backfill

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17
Q

amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day

A

loading rate

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18
Q

organic material used to produce biogas

A

substrate

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19
Q

adding or introducing anaerobic bacteria to the digester

A

seeding

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20
Q

mixture of manure and water

A

slurry

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21
Q

difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line

A

freeboard

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22
Q

level of slurry when the digesters is at full load

A

filling line

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23
Q

average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester for digestion

A

retention time

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24
Q

materials that inhibit the normal growth of pathogens in the digester such as mineral ions, heavy metals and detergents

A

toxic materials

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25
Q

various processes that take place among the methanogens, non-methanogens and
substrates fed into the digester as inputs

A

methanization

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26
Q

anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process, produce biogas

A

methanogens

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27
Q

temperature range of 20 oC – 40 oC where mesophilic bacteria operates

A

mesophilic
temperature range

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28
Q

amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry

A

gas production rate

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29
Q

mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide)
produced by methanogenic bacteria

A

biogas

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30
Q

layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry

A

scum

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31
Q

settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass

A

sludge

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32
Q

residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed inside the
digester

A

effluent

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33
Q

area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening

A

Cattle feedlot

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34
Q

Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo

A

carabao

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35
Q

breeding male of any age

A

bull

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36
Q

young male or female cattle under one year of age

A

calf

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37
Q

mature female cattle that has already calved

A

cow

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38
Q

female cattle between two to three years of age which has not given birth

A

heifer

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39
Q

enclosure for confining and handling livestock

A

corral

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40
Q

pen for confining animals from the pasture

A

holding pen

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41
Q

pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute

A

crowding pen

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42
Q

chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding chute/squeeze

A

working chute

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43
Q

use to restrain animals

A

holding chute

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44
Q

chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle

A

loading chute

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45
Q

building for fabrication, repair and maintenance of tools, implements, equipments and parts of structures and provides a place where tools, supplies and spare parts are stored

A

workshop

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46
Q

area to protect machinery from weather, theft, vandalism and to allow easy maintenance
and adjustment of machines

A

machinery shed

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47
Q

substances on farms that are highly flammable or poisonous

A

hazardous material

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48
Q

storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen
is precisely controlled

A

controlled
atmosphere storage

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49
Q

produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces that must be resisted by the building
walls

A

bulk storage

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50
Q

produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which in turn are stacked in storage room

A

pallet bin storage

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51
Q

low portable platform made of wood or metal or plastic or in combination to facilitate
handling, storage, or transport of materials as a unit load using a forklift

A

pallet

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52
Q

storage structure with continuously wetted walls

A

drip cooler

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53
Q

coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp

A

burlap

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54
Q

storage provided with good ventilation

A

air cooled

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55
Q

materials used to prevent migration of moisture into a storage area

A

vapor barrier

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56
Q

individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers, each cell to contain one fruit

A

cell pack

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57
Q

cartons in which the cover is separate and fits snugly over the bottom part

A

telescopic cartons

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58
Q

structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment favorable to plant
growth can be attained

A

greenhouse

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59
Q

method of greenhouse construction where modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter

A

ridge and furrow
greenhouse

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60
Q

removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse

A

cooling

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61
Q

addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source including the sun

A

heating

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62
Q

prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse

A

shading

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63
Q

process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control temperature,
humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels

A

ventilation

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64
Q

ventilation of greenhouse using fans

A

mechanical
ventilation

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65
Q

ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse

A

natural ventilation

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66
Q

materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks from straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat

A

brooder guard

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67
Q

process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural heat
regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional

A

brooding

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68
Q

material used as bedding for animals

A

litter

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69
Q

long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the front and the back of the
house are open

A

open sided housing

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70
Q

house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to the bird’s optimum requirements with the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting

A

enclosed housing

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71
Q

A type of housing where animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas

A

loose housing

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72
Q

one to two year old cattle of either sex

A

yearling

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73
Q

act of giving birth except for swine

A

parturition

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74
Q

mature male goat

A

buck

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75
Q

mature female goat that has kidded

A

doe

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76
Q

doe without milk

A

dry doe

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77
Q

young goat under six months old of either sex

A

kid

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78
Q

mature female sheep that has already lambed

A

ewe

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79
Q

sheep under six months of age

A

lamb

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80
Q

mature male sheep

A

ram

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81
Q

type of flooring utilizing the most commonly available materials such as rice hull and rice straw and wood shavings over the cemented floor

A

litter type

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82
Q

type of flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning of the droppings

A

slotted type

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83
Q

combination of slotted and litter type flooring wherein slats cover 60% of the total floor area and 40% is covered with litter.

A

slotted litter type

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84
Q

large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers

A

community nest

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85
Q

refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old

A

boar

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86
Q

place for piglets inside the farrowing pen

A

creep area

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87
Q

rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd

A

culling rate

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88
Q

unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows

A

dry sows

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89
Q

act of giving birth in swine

A

farrowing

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90
Q

area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which the sow
can turn around

A

farrowing pen

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91
Q

device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods and which prevents sow from turning around

A

farrowing stall

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92
Q

swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg

A

fattener

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93
Q

swine which are 66 kg and up

A

finisher

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94
Q

female swine that has not farrowed

A

gilt

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95
Q

swine from 40 to 65 kg

A

grower

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96
Q

piglets born in one farrowing

A

litter

97
Q

average number of farrowings of one sow per year

A

litter index

98
Q

number of days an animal stays in a pen

A

occupancy

99
Q

any breeding female pig that has farrowed

A

sow

100
Q

piglet that has been recently separated from its mother

A

weaner

101
Q

any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens

A

lairage

102
Q

refers to sheep, goat, and deer

A

small animals

103
Q

refers to cattle and carabao

A

large animals

104
Q

separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals

A

detention pen

105
Q

animals are free to move in a pen while awaiting to be slaughtered

A

loose type

106
Q

pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered

A

tie up type

107
Q

any building or place used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended for human
consumption

A

slaughterhouse

108
Q

building or a portion of building where milking occurs but where no animals are housed

A

milking parlor

109
Q

area provided to accommodate animals before milking

A

holding area

110
Q

type of stall where animals must back up to exit the stall

A

back out stall

111
Q

type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed directly forward after milking is completed

A

walk through

112
Q

growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots, anthers, embryos, flowers and
meristems in a laboratory medium

A

tissue culture

113
Q

any nutrient material prepared for the growth and cultivation plant tissue

A

culture medium

114
Q

process of making any material entirely free from living microorganism

A

sterilization

115
Q

condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium, confines of the
culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms

A

asepsis

116
Q

subjecting of cultures to conditions favorable to the growth of the plant tissue

A

incubation

117
Q

flow air currents in which air currents do not intermingle

A

laminar flow

118
Q

body of dressed birds

A

carcass

119
Q

process composed of bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating, and from which the head, shanks,
crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed

A

dressing

120
Q

by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than meat of the food animal

A

offal

121
Q

process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities

A

evisceration

122
Q

process of restraining birds prior to slitting

A

shackling

123
Q

trough that collects the waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain opening

A

trench drain

124
Q

product handling which include steps to make a harvested commodity more suitable for
manufacturers or consumers

A

primary processing

125
Q

process of classifying into groups according to a set of recognized criteria of quality and size, each group bearing an accepted name and size grouping

A

grading

126
Q

process of classifying into sizes according to criteria that may or may not be recognized or
accepted by the industry

A

sizing

127
Q

Process of classifying into groups designated by the person classifying the produce either according to a set of criteria or whatever criteria he may set

A

sorting

128
Q

ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the volume of air of the empty room

A

air change ratio

129
Q

process of determining whether the grade standards have been interpreted or enforced
properly by inspecting random samples usually of predetermined amount large enough to give an indication of the correctness of the grading procedure

A

inspection

130
Q

process to ensure adequate protection and safe delivery of a product from the producer to
the ultimate consumer

A

packaging

131
Q

compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time while it is being
stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any substantial movement of the animal forward, backward or sideway

A

stunning pen

132
Q

renders an animal insensible before it is killed

A

stunning

133
Q

insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive
blot to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to operatives

A

pithing

134
Q

severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the heart by means of a knife and “stuck” shall be construed accordingly.

A

sticking

135
Q

remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling

A

bleeding

136
Q

lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing

A

scalding

137
Q

removal of the hair of the carcass

A

dehairing

138
Q

suspending the carcass for particular operation

A

gambrelling

139
Q

cleaning the carcass by burning the hair

A

singeing

140
Q

preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale

A

dressing

141
Q

dividing carcass into parts

A

splittng

142
Q

all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats or swine that may be used for
human consumption

A

carcass

143
Q

edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats or swine

A

meat

144
Q

digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter

A

green offal

145
Q

digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter

A

black offal

146
Q

meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary
examination

A

detained meat

147
Q

meat which is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary inspector after
veterinary examination

A

condemned meat

148
Q

black or green offal

A

gut and tripe

149
Q

building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags

A

warehouse

150
Q

storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene and normally accommodates 44-50 kilos

A

bag storage

151
Q

paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain

A

palay

152
Q

process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes

A

fumigation

153
Q

amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample,
wet basis

A

moisture content

154
Q

pallet; wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact
between the grains and the floor

A

dunnage

155
Q

moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between 0.07 – 0.28 cubic meter per minute per ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality

A

aeration

156
Q

requires free oxygen

A

aerobic

157
Q

consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the production of livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and poultry

A

agricultural liquid
waste

158
Q

presence of free oxygen is not required

A

anaerobic

159
Q

runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff from roofs, grassed areas, drives and
other areas which are not animal alleys

A

clean runoff

160
Q

process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms

A

disinfection

161
Q

part of total solids passing through the filter in a filtration procedure

A

dissolved solids

162
Q

liquid waste, partially or completely treated, flowing out of a reservoir, basin, or wastewater treatment plant

A

effluent

163
Q

lagoons that can function as aerobic or anaerobic depending on the environment

A

facultative lagoons

164
Q

part of total solids remaining after volatile gases driven off at 600oC

A

fixed solids

165
Q

non-biodegradable component of liquid waste composed of sand, gravel, cinders or other
heavy solid materials

A

grit

166
Q

storage where liquid waste is stored before final disposal

A

holding pond

167
Q

liquid that flows into a containing space

A

influent

168
Q

pit in the ground where liquid waste is stored to produce a higher quality effluent

A

lagoon

169
Q

system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and reduce
or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater

A

liners

170
Q

rainfall containing animal manure

A

lot runoff

171
Q

accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo decomposition or drying; it include feces and urine which may be mixed with bedding material, spilled feed or soil

A

manure

172
Q

microorganism capable of causing diseases

A

pathogenic
microorganism

173
Q

treatment that causes substances in liquid waste to readily settle or float

A

primary treatment

174
Q

treatment used to convert dissolved or suspended materials into a form more readily separated from the liquid waste being treated

A

secondary treatment

175
Q

precipitate resulting from coagulation or sedimentation of liquid waste

A

sludge

176
Q

watery mixture of insoluble solid

A

slurry

177
Q

solids removed by filtration

A

suspended solids

178
Q

residue remaining after water is removed from waste material by evaporation

A

total solids

179
Q

part of total solids driven off as volatile gases when heated to 600oC

A

volatile solid

180
Q

wastes resulting from the production and processing of crops and animals or agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop residues wherever produced

A

agricultural solid
waste

181
Q

any item used to improve the compost structure and to increase porosity to allow internal air movement

A

bulking agent

182
Q

weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen

A

c:n ratio

183
Q

mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or bulking agent(s) in the proper
proportions to promote aerobic microbial activity and growth and to achieve optimum
temperatures

A

compost mix

184
Q

controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product

A

composting

185
Q

any item added to the compost mixture that alters the moisture content, C:N ratio, or pH

A

composting
amendment

186
Q

process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during composting and further stabilize the nutrients

A

curing

187
Q

site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited

A

disposal site

188
Q

shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid that contains
dissolved and suspended materials

A

leachate

189
Q

interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate
recovery or disposal

A

storage

190
Q

involves the arrangement of compost mix in long, narrow piles or windrows that are
periodically turned to maintain aerobic conditions

A

windrow composting

191
Q

granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed stone or light weight materials

A

aggregates

192
Q

the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction

A

backfill

193
Q

the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate that rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade.

A

base course

194
Q

the suitable material used for embankments

A

borrow

195
Q

removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground
surface

A

clearing

196
Q

structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a
highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other moving loads

A

bridge

197
Q

application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of excessive voids.

A

compaction

198
Q

structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more

A

course

199
Q

drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and
beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way

A

culvert

200
Q

product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all fragments
having at least one face resulting from fracture

A

crushed gravel

201
Q

removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other
several structures

A

drainage

202
Q

operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or rock

A

earthwork

203
Q

protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent

A

erosion control

204
Q

act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material

A

excavation

205
Q

determination of the degree of compactness of the soil

A

field density test

206
Q

the embankment material placed above natural ground line

A

fill

207
Q

access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and
fishermen

A

farm to market roads

208
Q

slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground

A

grade

209
Q

property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups

A

gradation

210
Q

rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in percentage

A

gradient

211
Q

preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement materials including base and surfacing materials

A

grading

212
Q

removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground surface

A

grubbing

213
Q

roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic

A

lane roadway

214
Q

form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials that have
been bonded together with mortar to form a structure

A

masonry

215
Q

earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

A

one lane earth road

216
Q

gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

A

one lane gravel road

217
Q

asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

A

one lane asphalt
pavement road

218
Q

concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

A

one lane concrete
road

219
Q

quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby
preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure

A

riprap

220
Q

graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder

A

road bed

221
Q

space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of agricultural
products

A

roadway

222
Q

travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of vehicles, exclusive
of shoulders

A

road carriageway

223
Q

lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway

A

road carriageway
width

224
Q

raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock

A

roadway
embankment

225
Q

part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that provide lateral support of
base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for vehicles

A

road shoulder

226
Q

saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and intended to be used in other construction

A

salvage materials

227
Q

written technical description of materials, equipment, construction systems, standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the requirements for acceptable
completion of the work

A

specifications

228
Q

refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks, transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may be encountered in the work and are classified as structures

A

structures

229
Q

refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated thickness in a
pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base course

A

subbase course

230
Q

vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians, vehicles, animals, etc.

A

traffic

231
Q

a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that may be used for
emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give
passing opportunity to following or incoming vehicles

A

turn out section

232
Q

roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed (subgrade)

A

earth road

233
Q

upper portion of material which act as foundation Subbase course (subgrade)

A

gravel road

234
Q

concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are marked for vehicular traffic

A

two lane concrete
pavement road

235
Q

top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement is placed (subgrade)

A

bituminous, concrete
road

236
Q

earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

A

two lane earth road

237
Q

gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

A

two lane gravel road

238
Q

asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

A

two lane asphalt
pavement road

PAES Terms (Full) (5 decks)

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