Progressive Era

Question 1

Gilded Age

Answer 1

highlights the inequality between wealthy business owners, who profited from the Industrial Revolution, and workers, who often labored under terrible conditions for little pay in the late 1800s

Question 2

patronage

Answer 2

the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another

Question 3

merit

Answer 3

the quality of being particularly good or worthy

Question 4

spoils system

Answer 4

a way to reward political supporters. these people were given government jobs in return for their support at the polls.

Question 5

Pendleton Act

Answer 5

passed in 1883 by Chester Arthur. This law set up a merit system for awarding federal job and more than 10% of government job applicants had to pass an exam before they could be hired.

Question 6

Civil Service Commission

Answer 6

created after the Pendleton Act was passed in 1883. controlled about 40% of all CS jobs by 1900

Question 7

civil service

Answer 7

the jobs include all federal jobs minus elected and military positions. people who were seeking civil service jobs had to take a test and the people who scored the highest got the jobs.

Question 8

interstates commerce

Answer 8

to stop rich, powerful business leaders, the Interstate Commerce Act 1887 was passed

Question 9

interstate commerce commission

Answer 9

established to oversee the railroads

Question 10

Sherman Anti-trust Act

Answer 10

prohibited business from destroying competition.

Question 11

Thomas Nast

Answer 11

he created political cartoons and satirical art during the 19th century that critiqued slavery and crime. he led a crusade against corruption and helped bring down Boss Tweed and the corrupt Tammany Hall political machine.

Question 12

political boss

Answer 12

ran the political machines who used legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public office. they frequently traded favors for vote.

Question 13

muckraker

Answer 13

journalist who “raked up” and exposed the muck, or filth, of society

Question 14

Progressive

Answer 14

a group of reformers working to improve society in the late 1800s

Question 15

public interest

Answer 15

the well-being and welfare of the general public and society as a whole

Question 16

Robert La Follette

Answer 16

Wisconsin’s Republican governor. He decreased the power of political machines and used university professors and other experts to help write new laws and work in state agencies.

Question 17

Wisconsin idea

Answer 17

La Follette’s plan that made available to the public information on how politicians voted. That way, voters would know if leaders had kept their campaign promises.

Question 18

primary

Answer 18

ensures that voters select candidates to run for office rather than party bosses

Question 19

initiative

Answer 19

allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition

Question 20

referendum

Answer 20

permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or passed by a government body

Question 21

recall

Answer 21

remove an official before the end of their term

Question 22

Boss William Tweed

Answer 22

Boss of Tammany Hall. He manipulated elections, controlled the city’s mayor, and rewarded political supporters.

Question 23

Tammany Ring

Answer 23

New York City’s political machine. It organized voters and elected its candidates so efficiently, that its methods were called political machines.

Question 24

Upton Sinclair

Answer 24

a writer who investigated and exposed horrid conditions at meatpacking plant in his book.

Question 25

The Jungle

Answer 25

written by Upton Sinclair in 1906. helped lead to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906

Question 26

Ida Tarbell

Answer 26

published a series of articles in McClure's Magazine in 1902 that depicted Standard Oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller as a greedy, miserly monopolist

Question 27

The History of Standard Oil Company

Answer 27

written by Ida Tarbell in 1904. led to Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911) that declared that company was a monopoly and broken up.

Question 28

Lincoln Steffens

Answer 28

examined political corruption in cities across the U.S.

Question 29

Shame of the Cities

Answer 29

written by Lincoln Steffans in 1904. cities began to use city commissions and city managers instead of informal political groups.

Question 30

lynching

Answer 30

illegal and violent execution of a person without a legal trial

Question 31

Ida Wells

Answer 31

an African American journalist and suffragist who provided statistics on the lynching of African Americans. she was born into slavery in Mississippi in 1862, and in the 1890s became involved in anti-lynching activism. one of the founders of NAACP. published Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases, which detailed the systematic disenfranchisement of Southern blacks and even some poor whites.

Question 32

social conservation

Answer 32

maintaining the well-being of societies and ensuring that diverse cultural identities are preserved for future generations

Question 33

political conservation

Answer 33

preserving traditional institutions, values, and practices within a political context, often emphasizing stability, limited government, and national sovereignty

Question 34

economic conservation

Answer 34

practice of using resources efficiently and sustainably to ensure long-term economic stability and growth.

Question 35

environmental conservation

Answer 35

protection, preservation, and sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems to ensure their health and viability for future generations. maintain biodiversity, reduce pollution, mitigate climate change, and promote sustainable practices that minimize human impact on the environment

Question 36

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Answer 36

a fire that started on the 8th floor of the factory. workers tried to escape, but factory owners had locked the exit doors to reduce theft of materials. 146 workers had died.

Question 37

fire safety laws and laws that improved working conditions

Answer 37

this happened due to the triangle shirtwaist fire

Question 38

workers' compensation laws

Answer 38

guaranteed a portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job

Question 39

child labor laws

Answer 39

In 1916 and 1919 Congress passed laws that banned products made with child labor from being shipped from one state to another.

Question 40

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 40

alcohol becomes illegal in America

Question 41

minimum wage laws

Answer 41

first minimum wage law and rates for child workers passed in 1912 in Massachusetts

Question 42

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Answer 42

founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to promote the cause of women's suffrage

Question 43

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 43

founded NAWSA

Question 44

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 44

founded NAWA. she wanted women to be allowed to work outside the home, to participate in politics, and to be able to vote

Question 45

Seneca Falls Conventions

Answer 45

created by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott where 240 men and women met to make a plan of action to fight for new rights for women, especially the right to vote.

Question 46

Alice Paul

Answer 46

founded the National Women's Party to take new and bold action towards getting new rights for women, especially the right to vote. from 1916 to 1920 they did things to get public attention and support for their cause by marching in the streets with signs. they gave out flyers to people on the streets explaining why this amendment should be passed. She went on hunger strike when she was in jail to gain lots of public attention and support.

Question 47

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 47

women get the right to vote

Question 48

W.E.B. Du Bois

Answer 48

co-founded the NAACP, Du Bois Challenged Washington's ideas on equality by endorsing education as a means for education. promoted anti-lynching and anti-Jim Crow Laws. took a direct approach to fighting discrimination.

Question 49

Booker T. Washington

Answer 49

founded the Tuskegee Institute. promoted economics as a means to equality and did not take a direct approach to fighting discrimination.

Question 50

Tuskegee Institute

Answer 50

focused on teaching African Americans trade skills to earn a living and gain the trust of white society.

Question 51

NAACP

Answer 51

an organization formed in 1909 by Du Bois and other reformers that called for economic and educational equality for African Americans. attacked discrimination by using courts.

Question 52

the National Urban League

Answer 52

formed in 1911 by Dr. George Edmund Haynes. aided many African Americans moving from the South by helping them find jobs and housing in northern cities. addresses problems such as health, sanitation, and education.

Question 53

Chinese and Mexican discrimination in the western states

Answer 53

Mexican Americans were deported back to Mexico regardless of their citizenship or immigration status. 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act kept out Chinese. faced discrimination and segregation

Question 54

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 54

direct election of senators

Question 55

James Garfield

Answer 55

In office: 1881. He attempted reforms before he was assassinated

Question 56

Chester Arthur

Answer 56

In office: 1881-1885. He supported a system for awarding federal jobs based on merit, not party loyalty

Question 57

Theodore Rossevelt

Answer 57

took office after McKinley died. believed that the interests of businesspeople, laborers, and consumers should be balanced for the public good. called this policy the Square Deal.

Question 58

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 58

Wilson spoke of the terrible social conditions under which many working-class Americans lived. passing reform legislation was his top goal and he pushed for two measures soon after taking office: tariff revision and banking reform.