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Prokaryotes Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Circular chromosome (haploid)
70S ribosome (30S+50S)
No organelles
No nuclear membrane
Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Steps 1-4 of gram staining

A

1- crystal violet
2- gram iodine
3-decolorizer (alcohol or acetone)
4-safranin red

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3
Q

Gram + bacteria are

A

Purple

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4
Q

Gram - bacteria are

A

Pink

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5
Q

Gram + cell walls have

A

Thick peptidoglycan
Lipoteichoic and teichoic acid

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6
Q

Gram - cell walls have

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharide
Two membranes
Significant periplasmic space

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan is made up of

A

NAM and NAG joined together by transpeptidase and transglycosylase (penicillin binding proteins, inhibited by beta lactam antibiotics)

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8
Q

Teichoic acid

A

Gram + bacteria
Cell morphology/division and auto lysis
Regulation of ion homeostasis
Protection from host defenses and antibiotics
Adhesion and colonization

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9
Q

LPS

A

Gram -
Lipid A (toxic shock, gram - endotoxin)
Polysaccharide core
Repeat units (responsible for O antigen)

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10
Q

Other types of cell walls

A

Acid fast (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Contains mycolic acid and other lipids
Not permeable to normal stains
Use Ziehl-Nielsen stain
AFB=red
Non-AFB=blue

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11
Q

Auramine-rhodamine is

A

Fluorescent stain used for M. Tuberculosis

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12
Q

Modified acid fast is used to differentiate between

A

Nocardia vs Actinomyces

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13
Q

Bacteria without cell walls

A

Mycoplasma (pneumoniae and hominis)
Smallest free living organisms

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14
Q

Flagella

A

Movement and adherence
Usually not present in gram +

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15
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment to cellular receptors (Proteus miramilis, UPEC, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
Biofilm formation
Gram -/+
Immune evasion

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16
Q

Spores

A

Resistant to heat and desiccation
Gram + (C. Perfinogens, C. Botulinum, C. Tetanii, C. Difficile, B. Anthracis)

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17
Q

Capsules

A

Protect against phagocytosis
S. Pneumoniae
Composed of polysaccharide

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18
Q

Biofilms

A

Antimicrobial resistance
Gene transfer
Mutable
Resistance to immune system
Can be quiescent
First multi-cellular organism

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19
Q

Terminal election acceptor in aerobic vs anaerobic respiration

A

Oxygen
Other compound such as nitrate

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20
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Reduced oxygen (campylobacter, helicobacter)

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21
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Not killed by oxygen (streptococci and lactobacilli)

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22
Q

Psychrophiles grow at

A

Cold temperatures

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23
Q

M leprae grows at

Study These Flashcards
A

31 degrees C
Eyes, nose, fingers, toes

24
Q

Sporothrix schenckii grows best at

Study These Flashcards
A

25 degrees C
Extremities

25
Rhinovirus grows best at
33 degrees C
26
Quorum sensing
Cell density regulated gene expression Cell to cell communication Hormone like compounds (autoinducers) Gram += small peptides Gram -= homoserine lactones
27
Bacteria replicate though
Binary fission
28
Bacteria adapt through
Vertical transfer
29
Horizontal exchange
Acquisition of DNA from other sources transformation, transduction, conjugation
30
Examples of transformation
S pneumoniae Resistance to penicillin and cetraiaxone
31
DNA uptake apparatus facilitates
Recombination into chromosome by RecA
32
Transduction-bacteriophage replication cycles can be either _ or _
Lyric or lysogenic
33
Transduction is
The major mechanism of gene transfer in prokaryotes
34
Other phage transfer method besides transduction
Pathogenicity islands
35
Diphtheria-Cornyebacterium diphtheriae uses _ conversion
Lysogenic
36
Conjugation is the
Transfer of plasmids from one bacterium to another
37
Transposition is
A type of conjugation
38
Disease epidemic
Rapid spread within population
39
Endemic disease
Always present
40
Pandemic
Epidemic spread to large population (across continents)
41
Bacterial pathogen strategies
Adherence Toxin synthesis Cell invasion Immune evasion Metastasis and spread to subsequent colonization
42
E. coli is a commensalism organism that causes what kinds of diseases?
UPEC- UTI Sepsis/meningitis- ExPEC, NMEC Diarrhea
43
Diarrheagic groups of E. Coli
ETEC-enterotoxigenic EIEC-enteroinvasive EPEC-enteropathogenic EAEC-enteroaggregative DAEC-diffusely adherent EHEC-enterohemorrhagic
44
UPEC
Adheres to uroepithelial cells following colonization of the gut (virulence factors allow for colonization of urinary tract/gut and survival in blood)
45
S. Aureus is the most common cause of
Endocarditis, nosocomial infection, SSTI, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis (also common cause of bacteremia, nosocomial pneumonia, foodborne illness, implant infection, abscess)
46
How does S aureus survive the bloodstream and metastasize
Inhibition of phagocytosis by clotting SCIN and Ecb bind and inhibit C3b Interference with RROS production and function Barrier disruption via alpha toxin binding ADAM 10 receptor Alpha toxin lysis PMNs 
47
Listeria monocytogenes
Non-pregnant immunosuppressed adults (meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia) Pregnant women (bacteremia, stillbirth, premature birth)
48
Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors
Internalin A and B required for host cell invasion listeriolysin O, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipids C=phagosome lysis Actin assembly-inducing protein- movement in cells Hexose phosphate- carbon source
49
Diphtheria exotoxin
Corynebacterium diphtheriae ADP ribosylating toxin Inhibits protein synthesis by ribosylating eEF-2
50
Pertussis exotoxin
Bordetella pertussis ADP ribosylating toxin binds to G protein
51
Tetanus toxin
Clostridium tetanii Causes rigor
52
Botulism exotoxin
Clostridium botulinum Causes flaccid paralysis
53
Superantigen
Some exotoxins bind T cell receptor and MHC II leading to the real ease of chemokines S aureus TSST-I
54
Endotoxin
Gram - cell wall LPS Causes DIC via cytokine storm
55
Salmonella enterica has _ and _ Serotypes
Typhoid and non-typhoidal (self limiting gastroenteritis)
56
Salmonella virulence traits
Penetrate intestional epithelium and survive in macrophages Type III secretion systems (T3SS-1-bacterial internalization and T3SS-2-macrophage survival)

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