Prokaryotes Flashcards by Houston Orr

What are the percentages of the “Biomass of Earth” ?

50% Bacteria/Fungi

35% Plants

15% Animals

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What are three characteristics of prokaryotes?

CELLULAR

NO MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLES

SINGULAR-CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME

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What is the most well known example of a prokaryote?

BACTERIA

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What are the ten different forms of bacterial cells?

COCCI

DIPLOCOCCUS

STREPTOCOCCUS

STAPHYLOCOCCUS

TETRAD

SARCINA

BACILLUS

DIPLOBACILLUS

STREPTOBACILLUS

SPIRAL

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What is the form of a cocci bacterial cell?

Spherical

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How can the diplococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

TWO cells side by side

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How can the streptococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A CHAIN of cells in a row

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How can the staphylococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A BUNCH of cells in a “pool rack” kind of arrangement

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How can the tetrad arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

FOUR cells in a SQUARE arrangement

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How can the sarcina arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A CUBOIDAL BOX arrangement with cells inside

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How can the bacillus bacterial shape be described?

ROD-SHAPED

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How can the diplobacillus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

TWO rod-shaped cells side by side

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How can the streptobacillus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A CHAIN of ROD-SHAPED bacteria

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How can the spiral bacterial cells be described?

Multiple lines in multiple forms

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What are the two classifications of spiral bacteria?

SPIROCHETE

SPIRILLUM

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What are the two types of cell walls in Eubacteria?

GRAM-POSITIVE

GRAM-NEGATIVE

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What are three characteristics of a Gram-Positive cell wall in Eubacteria?

VERY THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN CELL WALL

ABSORB THE STAIN

THE COLOR IS BLUE-PURPLE

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What are three characteristics of a Gram-Negative cell wall in Eubacteria?

THIN layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

DO NOT absorb the stain

THE COLOR IS pink-red

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What is the “capsule” ?

An extracellular slime layer surrounding the cell wall of some bacteria

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The __________________ may protect bacteria and allow for attachment to cells

CAPSULE

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What is the “pili” ?

The protein structures that extend from the cell

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The _______________ helps bacterial adhere to surfaces

PILI

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What are three characteristics of the flagella?

They produce a rotary motion

Similar to eukaryotic flagella

The number and location help to identify bacteria

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Genetic material is found in what two forms?

Circular DNA molecule

Plasmids (small “Snippits” of DNA)

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________________ is responsible for resistance to antibiotics?

GENETIC MATERIAL

___________________ does not have protein associated with it

PROKARYOTIC DNA

What are the three types of Asexual Reproduction?

BINARY FISSION BUDDING FRAGMENTATION

_______________ is the most common form of asexual reproduction

BINARY FISSION

What occurs in "binary fission" ?

1st the Circular DNA replicates and 2nd the ingrowth from the cell membrane and wall divides bacteria into two

__________________ is very fast

BINARY FISSION

_________________ is a less common form of asexual reproduction

BUDDING

What is the process for "budding" ?

A bacterial cell forms a bulge/bud which enlarges and eventually separates

What is the process for "fragmentation" ?

Walls form inside the bacterial cell which then separates into many new cells

What are the two TYPES of genetic transfer?

VERTICAL and HORIZONTAL transfer

What are the three MECHANISM to exchange genetic material?

TRANSFORMATION TRANSDUCTION CONJUGATION

What is the genetic material mechanism "Transformation" ?

It is the intake of DNA fragments from the environment

What happens during transduction?

The phage carries bacterial DNA between cells

What happens during "conjugation"?

Cells of different mating types exchange bits of DNA

What are endospores?

Extremely durable enclosure around the genetic material which withstands high heat, dry conditions, freezing temps, etc..

How many endospores are there per cell?

ONE

_____________ obtain energy and carbon from other organisms

HETEROTROPHS

_______________ make their own organic molecules from raw materials

AUTOTROPHS

What are the two types of autotrophs?

PHOTO-AUTOTROPHS CHEMO-AUTOTROPHS

What are photo-autotrophs get their energy from?

THE SUN

Where do chemo-autotrophs get their energy?

They use ammonia or hydrogen sulfide for energy

Most bacteria are _________________

OBLIGATE AEROBES

What are obligate aerobes?

It means that the bacteria must have access to oxygen

What are the two types of anaerobes?

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

What are the oxygen requirements for facultative anaerobes?

Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen if it is available but it can survive without it

What are the oxygen requirements for obligate anaerobes?

Obligate anaerobes carry on metabolism only without oxygen. (They can use it or exist with it)

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

EUBACTERIA and ARCHAE BACTERIA

What are four characteristics of methanogens?

They do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall They do not cause disease They produce methane gas They exist in anaerobic environments (sewers, swamps, digestive tracts)

What are "Extreme Halophiles"?

Archaebacteria that inhabit saturated salt solutions (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, Salt Ponds.)

What are "Extreme Thermophiles"?

Archaebacteria that inhabit environments over 100*C and/or low pH or acidic environments. (Yellowstone Park sulfur springs.)

What are the five "positive" functions of bacteria?

They are decomposers They fix nitrogen for plants They are used in antibiotics Involved with food production Involved with bioremedication

What does it mean for a bacteria to be a decomposer?

it means that they can break down dead organic matter and waste

What is bioremedication?

It is the process of using bacteria to detoxify or remove oil, gasoline, and other pollutants from the environment

What are three negative properties of pathogens?

Biofilms, exotoxins, and endotoxins

What are biofilms?

Dense communities over water or solid surfaces (dental plaque) which resist antibiotics and defense systems

What are exotoxins?

A substance released from bacteria or leaked out when the bacteria dies. (Botulism: 1g = 1million people)

What are endotoxins?

A substance that exists within the cell walls of most gram negative bacteria. They also cause fever and other symptoms