Prokaryotes cells

Question 1

Gram positive

Answer 1

• Lots of peptidoglycan
• stain purple
• have teichoic acid (unknown use)

Question 2

Gram negative

Answer 2

• complicated outside cell membrain than gram-
• Stain pink
• from cell out
• plasma membrain. Periplasm space. Peptidoglycan. Cell wall

Question 3

Bacterial shapes (morphology)

Answer 3

1. Cocci (circles) 2. Bacillis (rods) 3. Spiral

Question 4

Bacteria arrangement

Answer 4

1. Random 2. Dipple (2) 3. Strepto (in a line) 4. Staphylo (in bunches like grapes)

Question 5

Glycocalyx (capsule or slime layer)

Answer 5

• A compound secreted by bacteria around the outside of cell
• Made of polysaccharide and polypeptides
• Helps with attachments to envt.
• Helps with protection (think grease watermelon)
• if thin slime layer
• if thick and firm it’s a capsule
• this is what can give bacteria a moist or shiny look in growth.

Question 6

Flagellum

Answer 6

• Long filaments that propelle bacteria ( provide motility)
• come in many forms
• made of protein and anchored to cell membrain and cell wall
• Allows cell to run(move forward) or tumble (rotations)
• H-antagen is used to tell strains apart
  *

Question 7

Taxis

Answer 7

• movent of bacteria towards or away from something
• chemotaxis (chemical stimulus)
• phototaxis (light stimulus)
• Positive taxis (toward something)
• negative taxis (away from something)

Question 8

Flagellum arrangment

Answer 8

• Atrichous -no flagellum
• peritrichous- all over cell
• monotrichous- single flagellum at a pole
• lophotrichous-a group of flagellum at one or both poles
• amphitrichous- 1 flagellum at both poles of cell

Question 9

Axial filaments

Answer 9

• only found in spiral shaped bacteria
• a filament around the outside that contracts to move the cell

Question 10

Pili or pilus

Answer 10

• Mostly found in gram negative bacteria
• fimbriae: used for attachment to envt. Have different sticky ends to attach and avoid detection
• Not for motility
• made of protien
• sex pili:are involved in transfer of DNA found only in gram- cells

Question 11

Peptidoglycan

Answer 11

• made of sugar and peptides
• cross links between between chain hold it togeather
• penacillan attacks the links in peptidoglycan
• in gram+ there is a lot of peptidoglycan
• in gram- less peptidoglycan but still present

Question 12

Cell wall gram neg

Answer 12

• perplasm controls movement in and out of cell
• perplasm is where petetidoglycan found
• Porons control movement into and out of outer membrain
• Outermembrain
• composed of lipid polysaccharides (LPS)
• has neg charge to avoid phagocytosis
• porins allow some molecules into Periplasm but is selective
• Lipid A is part of outermembrane and is toxic
• lipid A is an Endotoxin
• O-polysaccharide extends out of outermembrane and is an antigen and useful for telling spices apart.

Question 13

Cell wall less

Answer 13

• this is a strange group of bacteria
• contain sterols like eukaryote
• smallest know living cells
• sometimes these are L-forms of bacteria we know that lose cell wall

Question 14

Acid fast cells

Answer 14

• A thick waxy layer of mycolic acid(prevent gram stain)
• a thin layer of peptidoglycan
• Waxy layer helps clump cells and stick to serfaces
• stain red in acid fast staining
• Mycobaterium and Nocardia are important bacteria in this group

Question 15

Inside bacteria cells

Answer 15

• 70s ribosomes
• nucleoid is where chromosome is
• plasmids (extra DNA that is non essential)
• Inclusions (small pockets of storage)

Question 16

Endospores

Answer 16

• Found only in genius Bacillus and Clostridium
• cells to survive the apocalypse (very hardy)
• in vegatave state=cells is active
• sporilation-the process of forming endospores
• germination- the process of cominout of an Endospores
• have very little water inside and lots of layers of protection

Question 17

Teichoic acid

Answer 17

• found only in GM+ cells
• made of alcohol and phosphate
• susspected function is to avoid detection of immune system