Prokaryotic Cell Structure & Function

Question 1

What is a microorganism?

Answer 1

A small organism that cannot be seen individually or by the naked eye

Question 2

What is the main classifier of the 3 organismal domains of life?

Answer 2

Small-subunit-rRNA (SSU rRNA)

Question 3

What are the 3 main domains of life?

Answer 3

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 4

Which domain has organisms WITH a nucleus?

Answer 4

Eukarya

Question 5

Which domain has organisms WITHOUT a nucleus?

Answer 5

Prokaryotes - Archaea & Bacteria

Question 6

What is/does a bacterial cell envelope do?

Answer 6

Contains membranes & cell wall - separates the cell from the environment

Question 7

What is/does a cell membrane do?

Answer 7

Made of lipid bilayer w/ embedded proteins - defines outside of cell

Question 8

What is different about the phospholipid chains in bacteria?

Answer 8

Bound with ester linkages

Question 9

What effect do different lipids have on the bacterial membrane?

Answer 9

Allows them to live in various environments

Question 10

How are Archaea different?

Answer 10

Different membrane lipids, ether linkages (allows for survival in heat)

Question 11

Ether vs. Ester

Answer 11

Ether are stronger - allows Archaea to survive in higher temps

Question 12

Hopanoids

Answer 12

Stiffen membrane strength

Question 13

Semipermeable to ___ molecules

Answer 13

Hydrophobic (O,CO2,N), small polar (H20, glycerol)

Question 14

Impermeable to ____

Answer 14

Large uncharged molecules (glucose, sucrose), ions (H, Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg, HCO)

Question 15

Pili

Answer 15

Use for adherence to a surface

Question 16

Sex Pili (nanotubes)

Answer 16

For genetic material exchange btwn cells

Question 17

Pili vs. Fimbriae

Answer 17

Pili - longer & fewer w/ more specific types
Fimbriae - shorter & more abundant

Question 18

Flagella

Answer 18

For swimming - like a motor

Question 19

Transport Proteins

Answer 19

Used to impermeable molecules across the membrane

Question 20

Bactericidal

Answer 20

Bacteria cells are killed

Question 21

Bacteriostatic

Answer 21

Bacterial cells can’t grow (stagnant)

Question 22

What is/does the cell wall do?

Answer 22

Single linked molecule of peptidoglycan/ protects bacteria, strong but porous

Question 23

Peptidoglycan

Answer 23

Polymer of disaccharide linked by amino acids

Question 24

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 24

Cell walls are specific to bacteria so antibiotics are tailored toward the specific kinds

Question 25

Turgor Pressure

Answer 25

Keeps the membrane against the cell wall

Question 26

Gram Stain Colors

Answer 26

Positive - Purple Negative - Pink

Question 27

Gram Positive Cells have...

Answer 27

Cell membrane -> cell wall -> S-layer -> Glycosyl chains

Question 28

Gram Negative Cells have...

Answer 28

Cell membrane -> Periplasm -> inner (thinner) cell wall -> Outer membrane -> Lipopolysaccharide -> S-layer

Question 29

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Answer 29

Fight against host cells

Question 30

Porins

Answer 30

On outer membrane to bring in small molecules and ions

Question 31

Functions that occur in the cytoplasm

Answer 31

Transcription, translation & metabolism

Question 32

Nucleoid

Answer 32

Chromosome region in the cytoplasm (acts as nucleus)

Question 33

No nucleus promotes...

Answer 33

Coupled reactions between transcription, translation and protein creation

Question 34

Defining feature of bacterial cell division

Answer 34

Forming a septum

Question 35

Cell Septum

Answer 35

Peptidoglycan is inserted to help the cells grow & split

Question 36

Ftsz Protein

Answer 36

Constricts dividing cell in separation (like a drawstring)

Question 37

3 Types of growth

Answer 37

Dispersed Zonal, Septal Zonal, and Polar growth

Question 38

4 Cell shapes

Answer 38

Cocci - spheres Bacilli - rods Spirochetes - helical Vibrioid - crescents

Question 39

How are cell shapes determined?

Answer 39

Cytoskeletal proteins

Question 40

What is mobility affected by?

Answer 40

Shape

Question 41

What influences peptide phobic-ness?

Answer 41

Non-polar R groups (hydrophobic)