PROLOGUE

Question 1

what is involved in critical thinking?

Answer 1

evaluating evidence
appraising the source
assessing conclusions
examining own assumptions

Question 2

why was structuralism’s technique of introspection prove unreliable?

Answer 2

required smart, verbal people, and its results varied from person to person and experience to experience

Question 3

what event defined the start of scientific psychology?

Answer 3

scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory

Question 4

what school used introspection to define the mind’s makeup?

Answer 4

the school of structuralism

Question 5

what school focused on how mental processes enables us to adapt, survive, and flourish?

Answer 5

the school of functionalism

Question 6

what is the definition of psychology for the early pioneers?

Answer 6

the science of mental life

Question 7

who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology in the 1920s? what did they redefine psychology into?

Answer 7

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”

Question 8

what is behaviorism?

Answer 8

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 9

what is Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic psychology?

Answer 9

emphasizes the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior

Question 10

what did the humanistic psychologists focus on?

Answer 10

rather than conditioned responses or childhood memories, they focused on growth potential, needs for love and acceptance, and environments that nurture or limit personal growth

Question 11

who led the humanistic psychologists in the 1960s?

Answer 11

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 12

what were the two major forces in psychology from the 1920s to the 1960s?

Answer 12

behaviorism and Freudian psychology

Question 13

what is cognitive psychology?

Answer 13

the study of mental processes, such as what occurs when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

Question 14

what is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 14

study of brain activity underlying mental activity

Question 15

what is the definition of psychology today?

Answer 15

the science of behavior and mental processes

Question 16

what is behavior?

Answer 16

anything an organism does that we can observe and record

Question 17

what are mental processes?

Answer 17

internal, subjective experiences - sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, feelings

Question 18

how did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?

Answer 18

recaptured the field’s early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for scientific study

Question 19

what is natural selection?

Answer 19

process by which nature selects from chance variations the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 20

what is contemporary psychology’s position on the nature-nurture issue?

Answer 20

psychological events stem from the interaction of nature and nurture, rather than from either of them acting alone

Question 21

what are the WEIRD cultures?

Answer 21

W - western
E - educated
I - industrialized
R - rich
D - democratic

Question 22

what is a culture?

Answer 22

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 23

what is gender identity?

Answer 23

our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of both

Question 26

Even when specific attitudes and behaviours vary by gender across cultures, the underlying processes are the same

Question 26

What is positive psychology?

Answer 26

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 26

what is the biopsychosocial approach?

Answer 26

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Question 27

what perspective emphasizes observation of how we respond to and learn in different situations?

Answer 27

behavioural

Question 27

what psychological perspective focuses on how behaviour and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture?

Answer 27

social-cultural perspective in psychology

Question 28

what advantage does using the biopsychosocial approach have in studying psychological events?

Answer 28

by incorporating three different analysis levels, it can provide a more complete view than any one perspective could offer by themselves

Question 29

what perspective focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences?

Answer 29

neuroscience

Question 30

what psychological perspective focuses on how natural selection promotes the survival of genes?

Answer 30

evolutionary

Question 31

what psychological perspective focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?

Answer 31

psychodynamic

Question 32

what psychological perspective focuses on how we learn observable responses?

Answer 32

behavioural

Question 33

what psychological perspective focuses on how genes and environment influence our individual differences?

Answer 33

behaviour genetics

Question 34

what psychological perspective focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

Answer 34

cognitive

Question 35

what is the common quest that psychologists are united by?

Answer 35

describing and explaining behaviour and the mind underlying it

Question 36

what does the testing effect describe?

Answer 36

the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval rather than from simple rereading of new information

Question 37

what does SQ3R stand for?

Answer 37

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review