Prostate Cancer

Question 1

What is the most common cell type in prostatic cancer?

Answer 1

Adenocarcinoma.

You also get transitional cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma.

Question 2

What does androgen dependant cancer mean?

Answer 2

The prostatic cancer is dependant on sex hormones to grow. like testosterone.

Question 3

Where is the most common zone for prostate cancer?

Answer 3

> 85% is in the peripheral zone (posterior and lateral).

Question 4

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

Answer 4

Mostly asymptomatic (especially if peripheral - because its furthest away from the urethra).
LUTS - hesitancy, nocturia, frequency, weak flow, terminal dribbling.

Question 5

What is the 10 year survival percentage?

Answer 5

> 84% of men survive over 10 years.

Question 6

what is the treatment for low risk localised prostatic cancer?

Answer 6

active surveillance, surgery, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy.

Question 7

what is the treatment for medium risk localised prostatic cancer?

Answer 7

surgery, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, hormone therapy.

Question 8

what is the treatment for high risk localised prostatic cancer?

Answer 8

external beam radiotherapy, hormone therapy.

Question 9

what is the most common site of metastasis?

Answer 9

Bone (pelvis and vertebrae)

Lymph nodes

Question 10

what is the steps involved in diagnosis of prostate cancer?

Answer 10

1st - PSA
2nd - if PSA is raised - do biopsy.
also - MRI, digital rectal examination

Question 11

What conditions can PSA be raised in?

Answer 11

Prostatic cancer
BPH
cycling 
recent ejaculation 
UTI
prostatitis

Question 12

What are the risk factors for prostatic cancer?

Answer 12

AGE - most important
Afro-carribean
BRCA1 gene
BRCA2 gene

Question 13

what is the Gleason grading?

Answer 13

1st number (grading) + 2nd number (staging)

6 - low risk
7 - medium risk (4+3 is more risky than 3+4)
8 - high risk