Prostate cancer Flashcards
(12 cards)
What is the lifetime risk of prostate cancer in UK men?
1 in 14 men
Name 3 non-modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer.
Age (>65y), Afro-Caribbean ancestry (2× risk), family history (BRCA1/2).
What histological type accounts for 95% of prostate cancers?
Adenocarcinoma (70% in peripheral zone).
How does Gleason score correlate with prognosis?
Gleason 6: Low grade, indolent.
Gleason 8-10: High grade, aggressive, capsular invasion.
Why is PSA not used for UK population screening?
Poor biomarker (overdiagnosis of insignificant cancers; mortality benefit requires >10y lead time)
What are the most common urinary symptoms in prostate cancer?
Frequency, nocturia, poor stream, retention, haematuria (often overlaps with BPH)
How is prostate cancer often detected asymptomatically?
Elevated PSA (50% of cases)
What are the 3 main treatments for organ-confined disease?
Radical prostatectomy.
Radical radiotherapy (external beam/brachytherapy).
Active surveillance (for low-risk Gleason 6).
What is first-line therapy for metastatic disease?
Medical castration (LHRH agonists/antagonists + androgen receptor blockade)
What is median survival after hormone-refractory metastatic disease develops?
24-36 months.
How does multiparametric MRI impact diagnosis?
Reduces unnecessary biopsies by 25% (now routine in screening)
What % of prostate cancers are linked to inherited genes? Name the key genes.
5-10%; BRCA1/2
