Protein

Question 1

Acid–Base Balance

Answer 1

The process of achieving, or the state of, equilibrium between acidic and alkaline molecules.

Question 2

Amino Acids

Answer 2

The organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.

Question 3

second-most abundant molecule in fat-free bodily tissues

Answer 3

protein

Question 4

role of protein

Answer 4

acid–base balance, energy production, cell signaling, and nutrient transport

Question 5

what elements form the amino acids?

Answer 5

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)

Question 6

how many amino acids are needed in the body?

Answer 6

20

Question 7

five components of amino acid structure

Answer 7

a central carbon, a carboxyl group (organic acid – COOH), a hydrogen, an amino group (NH2), and a side chain (R group).

Question 8

Essential Amino Acid (EAA)

Answer 8

Amino acids that are necessary for bodily functions but cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet.

Question 9

Branched Chain Amino Acid

Answer 9

The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure.

Question 10

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

Answer 10

Amino acids that are not typically essential, but can become essential during times of extreme dietary insufficiency, illness, or trauma.

Question 11

nonessential amino acids list

Answer 11

Alanine

Asparagine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

Serine

Question 12

conditionally essential amino acids list

Answer 12

Arginine

Cysteine

Glutamine

Glycine

Proline

Tyrosine

Question 13

essential amino acids list

Answer 13

Histidine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Question 14

branch chain amino acid list

Answer 14

Isoleucine

Leucine

Valine

Question 15

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

Question 16

Glucogenic amino acids

Answer 16

amino acids that can have their carbon backbone converted to glucose by the process of gluconeogenesis, or they can be converted to an intermediate compound that may enter the Krebs cycle directly

Question 17

Ketogenic amino acids

Answer 17

amino acids that may become acetoacetate (a ketone body) or acetyl-CoA prior to entering the Krebs cycle for the generation of ATP.

Question 18

Glucogenic amino acid list

Answer 18

Alanine

Asparagine

Aspartic acid

Cysteine

Valine

Glutamic acid

Glutamine

Glycine

Proline

Serine

Arginine

Histidine

Methionine

Question 19

how many glucogenic amino acids are there?

Answer 19

13

Question 20

ketogenic amino acid list

Answer 20

Leucine

Lysine

Question 21

how many ketogenic amino acids are there?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

Glucogenic or Ketogenic amino acid list

Answer 22

Tyrosine

Isoleucine

Tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Question 23

Protein Synthesis

Answer 23

Process of joining amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins.

Question 24

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 24

The joining of two large molecules by removing one hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group (OH) from another molecule and then binding the two larger molecules together on the newly freed bonds.

Question 25

How are nonessential amino acids made?

Answer 25

They’re made by breaking other amino acid or nitrogen-containing compounds apart, and then reusing the components.

Question 26

In order to make tyrosine, you need to eat enough ______

Answer 26

Phenylalanine

Question 27

Can your body store amino acids?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

Proteins are part of every bodily fluid except……

Answer 28

Bile and urine

Question 29

Plant sources of complete protein

Answer 29

Quinoa and soy

Question 30

_______ and ________ help muscles contract to make your body move

Answer 30

Actin and myosin

Question 31

What amino acid helps keep blood vessels open?

Answer 31

L-arginine

Question 32

What amino acid is part of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 32

Tyrosine

Question 33

What amino acid is needed for serotonin?

Answer 33

Tryptophan

Question 34

______ is a protein that helps transport oxygen in blood to body cells

Answer 34

Hemoglobin

Question 35

Kwashiorkor

Answer 35

A form of protein deficiency that results in muscle loss, failure to grow, lower immunity, increased risk for disease, and weakened respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Question 36

Marasmus

Answer 36

A type of severe protein energy malnutrition that causes a debilitating amount of muscle loss and often death

Question 37

What does the body do with excess protein?

Answer 37

It breaks down and converts into body fat or glycogen for energy storage. It’s nitrogen containing components are removed and excreted through urine by the kidneys

Question 38

Which amino acids are more limited in plant foods?

Answer 38

Cysteine Lysine Methionine Tryptophan

Question 39

Beans are high in _______ but low in ________ and _________

Answer 39

Lysine, cysteine and methionine

Question 40

Nuts, seeds and grains are high in ______ and ________ but limited in _________

Answer 40

Menthionine and cysteine, lysine

Question 41

Rice is high in _________ but limited in _______

Answer 41

Methionine, lysine

Question 42

Corn is high in _________ but is low in ______ and _______

Answer 42

Methionine, lysine and tryptophan

Question 43

On labels, high protein =

Answer 43

10 g or more per serving

Question 44

On labels, good source of protein =

Answer 44

5 to 9.9 g per serving

Question 45

On a label, more/extra/plus protein =

Answer 45

At least 5 g *more per serving

Question 46

On a label, fortified/enriched with protein =

Answer 46

At least 5g *more per serving

Question 47

Sarcopenia

Answer 47

The progressive decline in muscle mass and strength that happens naturally with aging

Question 48

50% of bone volume is ….

Answer 48

Protein

Question 49

Soys’s two main isoflavones- _________ and _______, have weak estrogen like effects

Answer 49

Genistein and daidzein

Question 50

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 50

The joining of two large molecules by removing one hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group (OH) from another molecule and then binding the two larger molecules together on the newly freed bonds.

Question 51

Peptide Bond

Answer 51

The bond between two amino acids, occurring between the carboxyl group of one and the amino group of the other.

Question 52

Hydrolysis

Answer 52

Breakdown of one large molecule into two smaller molecules via the donation of one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group from water to the smaller molecules, respectively.

Question 53

When proteins are consumed, they must first be broken down into ___________________by digestion to be absorbed in the ______________.

Answer 53

amino acids, intestines

Question 54

after protein is absorbed, it can be transported to ________________ tissues and recombined to form new proteins such as ___________, __________, and ______________.

Answer 54

peripheral collagen, myosin, hemoglobin

Question 55

Bodily proteins are most often formed by at least _______ amino acids.

Answer 55

50

Question 56

Oligopeptide

Answer 56

A chain of four to nine amino acids.

Question 57

Polypeptide

Answer 57

A chain of 10 or more amino acids.

Question 58

The three major muscle proteins are:

Answer 58

myosin, actin, titin

Question 59

titin has about __________ amino acids

Answer 59

30,000 amino acids

Question 60

myosin has about ________ amino acids

Answer 60

6,000 amino acids

Question 61

actin has about ______ amino acids

Answer 61

400 amino acids

Question 62

___________uses energy from ATP to grab ________ and flex in unison with many other myosin proteins to produce a muscle contraction.

Answer 62

myosin, actin

Question 63

function of titin

Answer 63

helps provide a muscle’s elasticity so it can return to its resting length following muscle contractions.

Question 64

which protein stretches over the entire muscle cell?

Answer 64

titin

Question 65

Gastrin

Answer 65

A hormone released when food is ingested to stimulate release of digestive fluids.

Question 66

Pepsinogen

Answer 66

A proenzyme secreted by the stomach as a precursor to pepsin.

Question 67

Pepsin

Answer 67

An enzyme in the stomach that begins breaking peptide bonds.

Question 68

Duodenum

Answer 68

It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs, and it is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum.

Question 69

Secretin

Answer 69

A hormone that stimulates the liver and pancreas to produce bile and bicarbonate; inhibits gastrin release.

Question 70

Cholecystokinin

Answer 70

A hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes release of enzymes and bile.

Question 71

Protease Enzymes

Answer 71

Enzymes in the small intestine that break long peptide chains into shorter peptide chains.

Question 72

Peptidase

Answer 72

An enzyme that breaks down small peptides.

Question 73

Aminopeptidases

Answer 73

Enzymes that cleave individual amino acids from a peptide chain so they may be absorbed.

Question 74

Hepatic Portal Vein

Answer 74

The vein that transports blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and the intestinal tract to the liver.

Question 75

Collagen

Answer 75

A protein formed of a triple-helix structure with great tensile strength, found primarily in skin, muscles/connective tissue, and bones.

Question 76

tensile strength

Answer 76

Ability of a material to resist breaking under tension.

Question 77

Elastin

Answer 77

A protein with high elasticity, found mainly in the skin.

Question 78

Keratin

Answer 78

A protein found in hair and nails.

Question 79

Sodium–Potassium Pump

Answer 79

A protein found on the cell membrane that transports sodium and potassium to create electrochemical gradients across the membrane.

Question 80

Albumin

Answer 80

A protein found in the blood stream that helps draw water into the blood vessel from surrounding tissue.

Question 81

Hemoglobin

Answer 81

An iron-containing protein found on red blood cells, binds oxygen and other molecules for transport in the blood.

Question 82

protein need for no activity

Answer 82

0.8 to 1.2 g/kg body weight

Question 83

protein need for light to moderate cardiovascular activity

Answer 83

1.2 to 1.6 g/kg body weight

Question 84

protein need for Light to Moderate resistance training

Answer 84

1.5 to 2.0 g/kg body weight

Question 85

protein need for Moderate to Vigerous cardiovascular activity

Answer 85

1.5 to 2.0 g/kg body weight

Question 86

protein need for Moderate to Vigerous resistance training

Answer 86

1.7 to 2.2 g/kg body weight

Question 87

what is NH2?

Answer 87

the amino group

Question 88

what is the organic acid of a carboxyl group?

Answer 88

COOH

Question 89

What is the byproduct of dehydration synthesis?

Answer 89

water

Question 90

what are the reactants in dehydration synthesis?

Answer 90

hydrogen from one amino acid and a hydroxyl group (OH) from a second amino acid

Question 91

what bond joins the amino acid and the hydroxyl group in a dehydration synthesis?

Answer 91

peptide bond

Question 92

what causes denaturation?

Answer 92

temperature, pH, and enzymes, cooking

Question 93

Unlike with carbohydrates and fats, enzymes for protein in the __________ are relatively inactive and do little to aid in digestion.

Answer 93

saliva

Question 94

chewing food causes the stomach wall to release _________ in anticipation of the digestion process

Answer 94

gastrin

Question 95

gastrin causes the release of ____________________ and the hormone _____________ in the stomach.

Answer 95

hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

Question 96

When pepsinogen contacts the hydrochloric acid, it releases the active enzyme _________

Answer 96

pepsin

Question 97

______________ acid denatures the protein and _______ begins breaking the very long polypeptide chains into smaller peptide chains (hydrolysis reaction).

Answer 97

hydrochloric acid, pepsin

Question 98

the breaking of polypeptide chains into smaller peptide chains due to pepsin

Answer 98

hydrolysis reaction

Question 99

As the food passes from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine, the intestinal cells release the hormones _______ and _____________

Answer 99

secretin, cholecystokinin

Question 100

function of secretin

Answer 100

acts as a regulator of digestion, reducing acid release to help restore pH when eating ceases

Question 101

Cholecystokinin causes the pancreas to release what enzymes into the small intestine?

Answer 101

the protease enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase

Question 102

which enzymes break peptides into single amino acids?

Answer 102

peptidases and aminopeptidases

Question 103

what carries amino acids and dipeptides to the liver?

Answer 103

the hepatic portal vein

Question 104

what percent of plant protein can be absorbed?

Answer 104

85%

Question 105

what percent of animal protein can be absorbed?

Answer 105

95%

Question 106

what amino acids form collagen?

Answer 106

glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline

Question 107

collagen has a ____________ structure

Answer 107

triple helix

Question 108

protein RDA for women

Answer 108

46 g

Question 109

protein RDA for men

Answer 109

56 g

Question 110

protein needs for no activity

Answer 110

0.8 to 1.2 g/kg body weight

Question 111

protein needs for light/mid cardiovascular exercise

Answer 111

1.2 to 1.6 g/kg body weight

Question 112

protein needs for light/mid resistance exercise

Answer 112

1.5 to 2.0 g/kg body weight

Question 113

protein needs for mid-hard cardio

Answer 113

1.5 to 2.0 g/kg

Question 114

protein needs for mid-hard resistance

Answer 114

1.7 to 2.2

Question 115

Maintaining as much muscle mass as possible while dieting can be achieved with at least ______________ grams per kilogram of protein and regular resistance training

Answer 115

1.8 to 2.2 grams per kilogram

Question 116

individuals 65 years of age and older consume at least _____ to ______ grams of protein per kilogram bodyweight

Answer 116

0.9 to 1.6

Question 117

24-hour net muscle protein synthesis may be optimal if stimulated with dietary protein (containing leucine) every _______ hours

Answer 117

3 hours

Question 118

Post-workout protein consumption with carbohydrates in a ______ or ______ ratio of carbohydrates to protein can accelerate the replenishment of muscle glycogen

Answer 118

3:1 or 4:1

Question 119

PVT stands for

Answer 119

phenylalanine, valine,