Proteins Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
The breakdown of molecule into smaller units
A
catabolic
2
Q
Monomers of proteins
A
amino acid
3
Q
Cells in the liver
A
Hepatocytes
4
Q
Sub-cellular level processes
A
mitochondria
ribosome
5
Q
Metabolic fuels
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
6
Q
Proteins -> Amino acids ->
A
Carbohydrates or Lipids (vice versa)
7
Q
Proteins are __________ occurring
A
Naturally
8
Q
Protein is a/n ________ polymer
A
Unbranched
9
Q
The organelle where protein synthesis occurs
A
Ribosomes
10
Q
Aids in the attachment of amino acids to make polypeptide chain
A
tRNA (Transfer RNA)
11
Q
Has the instruction to synthesize unbranched proteins
A
Genes
12
Q
Proteins are the _________organic molecules
A
Most abundant
13
Q
Proteins constitute _________ of the cellular dry
weight
A
50%
14
Q
The word protein comes from
A
Greek word “proteios”
15
Q
Meaning of proteios
A
holding the first place/ primary
16
Q
suggested the name proteins to the group of organic compounds that are utmost important to life
A
Berzelius (Swedish chemist) 1838
17
Q
used the term proteins for the high molecular weight nitrogen-rich and most abundant substances present in animals and plants
A
Mulder (Dutch chemist) 1838
18
Q
Elemental Composition Carbon:
A
50 – 55%
19
Q
Elemental Composition Hydrogen:
A
6 – 7.3%
20
Q
Elemental Composition Oxygen:
A
19 – 24%
21
Q
Elemental Composition Sulfur:
A
0 – 4%
22
Q
Protein may contain
A
P,
Fe,
Cu,
I,
Mg,
Mn,
Zn
23
Q
Contains the iron in hemoglobin
A
Heme
24
Q
Polypeptide chain in hemoglobin
A
globin
25
catalyzed by enzymes, which contain protein
Biochemical reactions
26
- made of the protein group collagens (most abundant in human body)
Structure of cells and the extracellular matrix
27
Time taken by biological reactions to occur without enzymes
2.3 billion years
28
Biological Importance of Proteins
1. Biochemical reactions
2. Structure of cells and the extracellular matrix
3. Transport of materials in body fluids
4. Antibodies
29
(most abundant protein in human body)
collagens
30
Collegen molecules shape
Triple helices
31
Collagen Synthesis
1. Translation
2. Hydroxylation
3. Glycosylation
32
Taking insufficient amounts of vitamin C may cause
weak collagen fibers (Scurvy)
33
Defective lysyl hydroxylase gene
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
34
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Weak vessel walls (prone to aneurysm)
Hyperflexible joints
Hyperextensible skin
35
Transport of materials in body fluids Examples:
transferrin
transmembrane proteins
transcription factors
36
receptor for hormones
transmembrane proteins
37
initiate the transcription of a gene
transcription factors
38
major component of the immune system
Antibodies
39
Ability to bind ___________ specifically & strongly to ___________
small molecules; themselves
40
ASA can strongly bind to
Albumin
41
Drug-bound protein
Not active
42
Free drug
Active
43
Ability to bind _________ & form _________ structures
other proteins; fiber-like
44
Examples of bind other proteins
Collagen
Albumin
45
Ability to bind & be integrated into _________
cell membranes
46
Classification by Protein Functions
1. Catalytic Proteins:
2. Regulatory Proteins:
3. Transport Proteins
4. Defense Proteins:
5. Structural Proteins
6. Storage proteins
7. Transmembrane proteins
8. Nutrient Proteins
9. Contractile and Motile Proteins
47
Enzymes released to the _______ in tissue damage
blood
48
Enzymes are important _________ tool
diagnostic
49
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) former name
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
50
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) former name
serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT)
51
increase in cirrhosis and fatty liver, heart failure
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
52
More specific to liver disease
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
53
More sensitive in tests for cirrhosis and fatty liver, heart
failure
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
54
increases after myocardial infarction
Lactate dehydrogenase
55
sensitive to partial or mild biliary obstruction, liver
carcinoma or bone disease
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
56
other name for biliary obstruction
tissue damage
57
Chemical messengers that control the actions of specific cells or organs
Hormones
58
Affect growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, reproduction, and behavior
Hormones
59
Transmit signals to coordinate biochemical processes between different cells, tissues & organs
Hormones
60
Tested in the clinical laboratory in
blood, urine, or saliva
Hormones
61
stimulates sperm production and follicle maturation
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
62
produced by the placenta after implantation detected in pregnancy test
human growth hormone (HGH)
63
stimulates glycogen metabolism in liver
Glucagon
64
stimulates lactation
Prolactin
65
Hormones activate
G protein
66
G protein triggersthis from ATP
cAMP
67
cAMP transmits
CREB
68
Other name for plasma membrane
biologic membrane
69
Transport Proteins examples
ions,
small molecules, or
macromolecules
70
transports oxygen
Hemoglobin
71
Active site of hemoglobin
Heme
72
most abundant protein in human blood plasma
Albumin
73
Albumin function
transporting fatty acids, and other compounds,
acting as a buffer, and
maintaining osmotic pressure
74
transports iron through the
blood plasma
Transferrin
75
Defense Proteins:
Immunoglobulins/Antibodies
Blood-clotting proteins, thrombin and fibrinogen
76
Defense Proteins Produced by ________ in the bone marrow
B cells (lymphocytes)
77
Mediate the humoral immune response to identify and neutralize foreign objects
Defense Proteins
78
humoral means
blood
79
majority of the antibodies responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins
IgG
80
first antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered;
responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types
IgM
81
COVID-19 Rapid Antibody Test (RAT): detects the presence
of
IgM and IgG
82
released in response to allergy
IgE:
83
found in the surface of B cells where it can bind to antigens in the extracellular fluid and signals the B cells to be activated
IgD
84
found primarily in glandular secretions and attach antigens before they gain access to internal organs
IgA
85
glandular secretions
colostrum,
mucus,
tears,
saliva and
semen
86
Blood-clotting proteins:
thrombin
87
Fibrinogen →
fibrin → formation of a fibrin clot
88
-Primary purpose of coagulation
hemostasis
(to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel)
89
structures of cells and tissues (muscle, tendons, and bone matrix)
Fibrous proteins
90
Provide strength and protection to cells and tissues
Fibrous proteins
91
insoluble fibrous proteins in hair, horns, and fingernails
Keratins
92
insoluble fibrous protein in bone, connective tissue, tendons, and cartilage,
Collagen:
93
Collagen is _______ of the total protein in a vertebrate
animal
One-third
94
forms inelastic fibrils of great strength
Collagen
95
component of ligaments
Elastin
96
allows tissues to resume shape after stretching or contracting
helps skin to return to its original position
Elastin
97
Serve as reserves of metal ions and amino acids
Released and used later without harm occurring to cells during the time of storage
Storage proteins
98
stores iron to be later used in the manufacture of hemoglobin
Ferritin
99
Ferritin diagnostic tool for
iron deficiency anaemia (IDA)
100
Elastin is found in what layer of the skin
Dermis
101
Responsible for moving substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane
Act as receptors that bind hormones and neurotransmitters
Transmembrane proteins
102
How many ferric ions can ferritin store
4500
103
Two general types of membrane proteins:
Integral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane protein
104
penetrates the cell membrane
partially or completely from one side to the other side of the lipid bilayer
Integral membrane protein
105
- non-penetrating membrane protein
- located on the surface
Peripheral membrane protein
106
Provide a reservoir of an essential nutrient
Provide sufficient nitrogen for growth
Nutrient Proteins
107
most abundant (3/4) protein of milk
major nitrogen source for mammalian infants
Casein
108
Other component of milk other than casein
Whey
109
found in egg white particularly important in the early stages of
life from embryo
Ovalbumin:
110
Ovalbumin: accounts over
50%
111
Casein has how many amino acid
209
112
Provide cells with unique capabilities for movement:
Contractile and Motile Proteins
113
movement
Cell division,
muscle contraction, and
cell motility
114
filamentous proteins forming the contractile systems of cells
Actin and Myosin
115
Globular protein
Major component of microtubules
Enables a cell to undergo mitosis or to regulate intracellular transport:
Tubulin
116
Tubulin Move
vesicles,
granules,
organelles (mitochondria, and chromosomes)
117
* Composed of only amino acid residues
* Globular or fibrous in shape
Simple Proteins
118
amino acid residue means
no ions or molecules attached
119
* Spherical or oval in shape
* Soluble in water or other solvents and digestible
Globular
120
Produces amino acid residue
Condesation
121
Globular Function
transporters,
enzymes, and
messengers
122
Globular Examples
albumin,
hemoglobin, and
the immunoglobulins
123
Soluble in water and dilute salt solutions and coagulated
by heat.
Albumins:
124
Albumins: examples
e.g. serum albumin, ovalbumin (egg), lactalbumin (milk).
125
Soluble in neutral and dilute salt solutions
Globulins:
126
Globulins: examples
e.g. serum globulins, vitelline (egg yolk).
127
Soluble in dilute acids and alkalies and mostly found in plants
Glutelins:
128
Glutelins: examples
e.g. glutelin (wheat), oryzenin (rice).
129
Soluble in 70% alcohol
Prolamines:
130
Prolamines: examples
e.g. gliadin (wheat), zein (corn)
131
Small proteins for structural support for chromosome
-Strongly basic proteins, soluble in water
Histones:
132
Histones: Contains _______ → forms a _______ with DNA
arginine and lysine; complex
133
complex of DNA and proteins
Chromatin:
134
organization of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin is essential for controlling
transcription and packaging
135
-Generally considered along with histones
-Not basic proteins
Globins
136
-Strongly basic
-Resemble histones but smaller in size
-Found in association with nucleic acids e.g. sperm proteins
Protamines:
137
-Carbohydrate-binding proteins
-Involved in the interaction between cells and proteins
-Maintain tissue and organ structures
Lectins
138
the word lectin comes from
(Latin-‘Legree' = to pick or select).
139
_________ in cell surfaces act as a lectins
receptor
Glycoconjugates
140
Form long protein filaments or subunits
Asymmetrical and usually inert
Fibrous
141
Fibrous Generally
water insoluble (hydrophobic R groups)
142
Fibrous are mainly
structural (connective tissues, tendons, bone, and muscle)
143
- connective tissue proteins lacking tryptophan
Collagens:
144
Collagens: boiled →
gelatin (soluble and digestible)
145
- found in elastic tissues such as tendons and arteries
Elastins:
146
present in exoskeletal structures
Keratins:
147
*Human hair keratin:
14% cysteine
148
predominant group of fibrous proteins.
Albuminoids or scleroproteins:
149
Contain a non- protein moiety known as prosthetic group
Conjugated Proteins
150
Nitrogen containing molecukes
porphyrins,
151
Prosthetic group: nucleic acid
Nucleoproteins
152
Nucleoproteins: examples
nucleohistones, nucleoprotamines
153
-Prosthetic group: carbohydrate
-Less than 4% of protein
Glycoproteins:
154
*mucoprotein: examples
mucin (saliva), ovomucoid (egg white).
155
carbohydrate content is more than 4%.
mucoprotein
156
-Prosthetic group: lipids
Lipoproteins:
157
Lipoproteins: examples
serum lipoproteins
158
-Prosthetic group: Phosphoric acid
Phosphoproteins:
159
Phosphoproteins: examples
casein (milk), vitelline (egg yolk).
160
-Prosthetic group: coloured in nature
Chromoproteins:
161
Chromoproteins: examples
hemoglobins, cytochromes
162
-Contain metal ions such as Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mg:
Metalloproteins:
163
Metalloproteins: example
ceruloplasmin (Cu), carbonic anhydrase (Zn)
164
One peptide chain
Monomeric protein
165
Monomeric protein example
ribonuclease,
lysozyme,
hexokinase
166
Large proteins – many amino acid residues
Multimeric protein
167
▪Peptide chains are called
protein subunits
168
Insulin has ____ protein subunits
2
169
How many amino acids in lysozyme
129
