Proteins

Question 1

What are the properties of lipids?

Answer 1

• Hydrophobic ( Fear of water, insoluble)
• Consist of mostly hydrocarbons
• Not a true macromolecule (too small)
• Not true polymer (no repeating monomers)
• Varied in form and function

Question 2

What are the biologically important lipids?

Answer 2

• Fats
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes

Question 3

How is fats assembled? what are they composed of?

Answer 3

• Assembled through dehydration synthesis reactions
• Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 4

What is the structure of glycerol?

Answer 4

Alcohol with 3 carbons, each hydroxyl group attached

Question 5

Fatty acids

Answer 5

• 16-18 carbons in length
• End with carboxyl group (COOH= Carbon x2 bonded to O and x1 bonded to OH)
• Non-polar C-H bonds make fatty acids hydrophobic

Question 6

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

Answer 6

1,) Saturated
- Single bond
- Saturated with Hydrogen
2.) Unsaturated
- x2 bond
- not saturated with hydrogen

Question 7

Triglyceride

Answer 7

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 8

Ester linkage

Answer 8

• Bond between Hydrocyl and Carboxyl Groups (C-O- R)

Question 9

What are adipose tissue composed of?

Answer 9

Composed of cells that store fat in the form of triglycerides

Question 10

What is the amount of triglyceride stored related to?

Answer 10

The amount of triglyceride is related to caloric intake compared to caloric burn.

Question 11

What does condensation reaction form?

Answer 11

Condensation react forms triglycerides when we eat more calories than we burn

Question 12

How can triglyceride stored in adipose tissue be broken down?

Answer 12

Triglyceride can be broken down by hydrolysis reactions when we dont consume sufficient food.

Question 13

What does the hydrolysis reaction release?

Answer 13

It releases glycerol and fatty acids to be use din cellular respiration.

Question 14

Triglycerides

Answer 14

• Insoluble in water
  
  • which ables them to be stored long- term in adipose tissue

Question 15

Animals in cold regions

Answer 15

They have thick layers of adipose tissue called blubber between their skin and muscle.

Question 16

Endotherms

Answer 16

Homeostatis

Question 17

Saturated fats

Answer 17

• No x2 bonds
• Pack tightly tgt
• solids at room temp due to high melting point.
• Ex. Butter
• linked to atherosclerosis (plaque developement in blood vessels)
• Animals use to store energy

Question 18

Endotherms use

Answer 18

blubber to trap heat generated by metabolic activities

Question 19

Melting Points

Answer 19

Related to the number of carbons and the number of x2 bonds.
- highes= most carbons, fewest x2 carbon bonds

Question 20

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 20

• x2 bond in one or more fatty acid chain
• Kinks in chain due to cis x2 bonds
• cant pack tightly tgt
• Vegetables
• plants use to store energy
• Liquids at room temp
• presence of x2 bonds related to lower melting points.

Question 20

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids vs Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 20

1 x2 bond vs multiple x2 bond

Question 21

Trans Fat

Answer 21

• Unhealthiest Fat
• Increase heart disease
• Produced by adding hydrogen to liquid plant oils to make them more solid
• Coronary Heart Disease

Question 21

2 typed of unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 21

1.) Cis- fatty aicds: H atoms are on the same side of the x2 bonded carbons
2.) Trans FAtty Acids: H atoms are on the opposite side of x2 bonded carbons

Question 22

Phopholipids

Answer 22

• Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group
• Amphitatic

Question 22

Function of fats

Answer 22

1.) Energy Storage- 1 g of fat stored 2x more energy than 1 g of carbs (Stored in adipose cell) 2.) Cushions vital organs 3.) Insulated the body (maintain body temp)

Question 23

Phospholipids Self-assemble

Answer 23

Self assemble into bilayed structures when added to water.... which shield the hydrophobic portions

Question 23

Amphitathic

Answer 23

Hydrophillic Head, Hydrophobic Tails

Question 24

Cholesterol

Answer 24

- keeps memebranes fluid - body makes all the cholesteroll in ned: High levels can lead to heart disease. - part of bile: digests fat, part of hormones

Question 25

Phospholipids cell membrane

Answer 25

- A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, attached carbs and inserted cholesterol

Question 26

Steriods

Answer 26

- 4 fused rings - non polar due to large number of C- H bonds - Hydrophobic and insoluble in water - occur naturally in plants, animals, fungi - cholesterol= key steroid

Question 27

Good vs. bad cholesterol

Answer 27

- Good cholesterol= HDL reduces depositon of cholesterol in plaques on blood vessel walls - bad cholesterol= LDL increases deposition of chholesterol in plaques

Question 27

Steroids vs Membrances

Answer 27

- Like dissolvesd like - sterodi hormones can pass through the cell membrane and nu,clear membrane of taget cells; once inside the nucleus the hormones can regulate the expression of genes in DNA

Question 28

Waxes

Answer 28

- Cover feather, leaves (prevent water loss), long fatty acid chain connected to alcohols.