PROTEINS PART 1 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
- chief nitrogenous macromolecules of cellular structure and orgnization
A
PROTEINS
2
Q
([?] of cell’s dry weight)
A
50 to 70%
3
Q
4 major elements found in proteins
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
4
Q
Building blocks of proteins
A
Amino acids
5
Q
- consists of a definite number of amino acids arranged in a specific sequence
A
PROTEINS
6
Q
PROTEINS PH
A
amphoteric
7
Q
- basic/alkaline; negative
A
amino group
8
Q
- acidic; positive
A
carboxyl
9
Q
- refers to the identity and specific order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (amino acid sequence)
A
Primary structure
10
Q
- determine the overall shape of the protein
A
Primary structure
11
Q
Arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
A
Primary structure
12
Q
Each circle represents
A
one amino acid
13
Q
free amino acid group
A
(N-terminal)
14
Q
free carboxyl group
A
(C-terminal)
15
Q
Result in biuret test: copper sulfate attaches to the peptide linkage = violet color
A
peptide bond
16
Q
Primary structure linkage
A
peptide bond
17
Q
Secondary structure linkage
A
hydrogen bonds
18
Q
Tertiary structure linkage
A
covalent disulfide bond
19
Q
Quaternary structure linkage
A
none
20
Q
strong bond
A
covalent disulfide bond
21
Q
conformation of the segments of polypeptide chain
A
Secondary structure
22
Q
intramolcular folding of the polypeptide chain into a compact 3-dimenional structure
A
Tertiary structure
23
Q
association of several polypeptide chains into larger “oligomeric” aggregate unit
A
Quaternary structure
24
Q
Secondary structure shapes
A
a. alpha-helix and
b. beta-pleated sheets
c. random coils
25
Each amino groups have R groups/side chains that interact to one another = 3D STRUCTURE
Bending and folding
26
Separate polypeptide units are bended and folded
oligomeric
27
Several polypeptide units
oligomeric
28
Hemoglobin has four polypeptide units
Quaternary structure
29
2 alpha and 2 beta and Conjugated protein
Quaternary structure
30
A nonprotein (heme) combined with a protein molecule
Hemoglobin
31
ultimate product of digestion are amino acids
Simple
32
the protein molecule is combined with a non-protein component
Conjugated
33
- a pigment is combined with a protein molecule
chromoprotein
34
- a carbohydrate is combined with a protein molecule
glycoprotein
35
- a lipid is combined with a protein molecule
lipoprotein
36
AA used for formation of new proteins
Repair body tissues
37
non-protein coagulation factor
calcium
38
protein coagulation factor
fibrinogen
39
Important in blood coagulation and immunologic function
immunoglobulins
40
For transport of metabolic substances
albumin, transferrin
41
Maintenance of osmotic pressure
albumin
42
preventing rx with acids
Maintenance of blood pH (buffers)
43
neutralizes a system
Maintenance of blood pH (buffers)
44
prevents significant changes in the pH
Maintenance of blood pH (buffers)
45
Ex. Hemoglobin, Bicarbonate system
Maintenance of blood pH (buffers)
46
Biocatalysts
enzymes
47
increase protein synthesis
GH, Insulin, Thyroid hormone
48
increase protein catabolism/breakdown
Glucocorticoids and Glucagon
49
Thyroid hormone ex
T3 [triiodothyronine] and T4 [thyroxine])
50
Glucocorticoids ex
Cortisol
51
Protein digestion:
Polypeptides
Shorter peptides
Amino acids [ultimate product of protein digestion]
*amino group enters the Kreb's Henseleit cycle*
Urea [ultimate product of protein digestion]
52
*amino group enters the [?]*
Kreb's Henseleit cycle
53
[ultimate product of protein digestion]
Amino acids
54
[ultimate product of catabolism]
Urea
55
MAJOR PLASMA PROTEINS
1. PRE-ALBUMIN
2. ALBUMIN
3. GLOBULINS
56
I. Alpha1-globulins
a. α-1-antitrypsin
b. α-1-fetoprotein
c. α-1-Acid Glycoprotein (orosomucoid)
57
II. Alpha2-globulins
A. Haptoglobin
B. Ceruloplasmin
58
prouces albumin, a-1, a-2, B-globulins and fibrinogen
liver
59
produces gamma globulin
reticuloendothelial
60
groups are acc to their ELECTROPHORETIC MIGRATION
PRE-ALBUMIN
61
largest protein fraction (52 to 62%)
ALBUMIN
62
synthesized in the liver at a rate that is dependent on protein intake
ALBUMIN
63
- regulator of osmotic pressure
ALBUMIN
64
- negative acute phase reactant
ALBUMIN
65
conc decrease in the presence of inflamation =
HYPOALBUMINEMIA
66
-- no clinical significance
HYPERALBUMINEMIA
67
-- hemoconcentration or dehydration
HYPERALBUMINEMIA
68
-- impaired synthesis (1 = liver disease; 2 = diminished protein intake)
HYPOALBUMINEMIA
69
-- malaborption or malnutrition
HYPOALBUMINEMIA
70
-- malaborption or malnutrition spp
(Capilliaria philippinensis)
71
: loses urine through the kidneys
Nephrotic syndrome
72
- increased catabolism due to tissue damage and inflammation
ALBUMIN
73
normal A/G ratio : 1.3 – 3 : 1
GLOBULINS
74
(decreased plasma albumin)
low A/G ratio
75
liver diseases, infectious diseases, multiple myeloma, nephritis
low A/G ratio
76
Designates the electrophorotic migration
Alpha1-globulins
77
- complexes with trypsin in blood to inactivate it
α-1-antitrypsin
78
- increased in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in a neural tube defects (spina bifida)
α-1-fetoprotein
79
- liver tumor marker (liver carcinoma)
α-1-fetoprotein
80
- decreased in maternal serum during pregnancy associated with Down's Syndrome
α-1-fetoprotein
81
- binds free hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
82
contain peptide chains that on hydrolysis yield only AA
Simple
83
may be fibrous or granular
Simple
84
protein (apoprotein) + nonprotein (prosthetic group)
Conjugated
