Protozoa Flashcards
1
Q
Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane:
A
T. brucei brucei, T. congolense
T. vivax – Inconspicuous undulating membrane
2
Q
Stages of Tryponosoma spp. having undulating membrane:
A
Trypomastigote
Epimastigote
3
Q
Which trypanosome stage is intracellular?
A
Amastigote
4
Q
Which has flagellum, but no undulating membrane?
A
Promastigote
5
Q
Which does not have flagellum?
A
Amastigote
6
Q
Which phenotype of trypanosomes has the kinetoplast anteriorly next to the nucleus, and is also provided with short undulating membrane?
A
Epimastigote
7
Q
Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?
A
WBCs, macrophages
8
Q
Trypanosoma found in old world and new world.
A
Trypanosoma vivax (South America only)
9
Q
For how long does Trypanosoma have…?
A
Many years
10
Q
Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; which occur in South America?
A
Both. These are the Trypanosomes group.
11
Q
What is the size range of trypanosomes?
A
8-39um
12
Q
Name of the cutaneous inflammation after an infection / infiltration with Trypanosoma:
A
Chancre
13
Q
Nagana caused by:
A
Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense, T. brucei
14
Q
Spp. not effected by Nagana:
A
Wild animals (reservoir role) and certain breeds of cattle (N’Dama, zebu are resistant. Ru. Eq. Sus. Ca. effected
15
Q
Which is the largest among the causative agents of Nagana?
A
T.brucei brucei (15-39 um)
16
Q
Largest Trypanosoma from the following:
A
Trypanosoma brucie brucie (15-39 um)
17
Q
Which Trypomastigote has a large undulating membrane?
A
Tryponosoma brucei brucei
18
Q
What is the most frequent cause of death in Nagana?
A
Congestive heart failure
19
Q
Which region of Africa does the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness (T. rhodensiense) occur?
A
Eastern
20
Q
Trypanosoma evansi causes:
A
Mal de caderas / Surra
21
Q
The causative agent of Surra (mal de caderas):
A
Has broad host spectrum – Horse, dog, camel, elephant, humans.
22
Q
Which host has asymptomatic Trypanosoma evansi infection?
A
Cattle
23
Q
Surra caused by which parasite?
A
Trypanosoma evansi
24
Q
Surra is found where in the world?
A
North Africa, Asia, Central and South America
25
The vector of T. brucei evansi plays a role as:
Mechanical vector
26
Mal de Caderas symptoms:
Oedema of limbs
27
Which animal has asymptomatic T. brucei evansi infection:
Cattle, water pig (since these are reservoirs)
28
Trypanosoma cruzi causes:
Chagas’ disease
29
The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs?
In mesenchymal cells
Amastigote (mesenchymal cells) – Infected cells rupture, disintegrating amasitgotes elicit an inflammatory response - Epimastigote – Trpomastigote (infect new cells and tissues, muscle, nerves)
30
How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?
Eating bugs
31
The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs where?
Mesenchymal cells
32
Which phenotype is not characteristic of Trypanosoma cruszi?
Promastigote
| See amastigote, epimastigote, and (in the blood stream) trypomastigote.
33
What is not caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
Megalomania
34
Which has the biggest kinetoplast or soma from the 4 Trypanosoma?
T. Cruzi
35
How can the kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?
With their faeces
36
Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes:
Dourine (exanthema coitale paralyticum)
37
Which trypanosoma species causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?
T. equiperdum (does not effect dogs)
38
Which species does the causative agent of Dourine belong to?
T. brucei
39
In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?
Uritricia
40
Which ocular problem does Dourine not cause?
Nystagmus (strabism), lachrymation, mydriasis
41
Dourine caused by:
Trypanosome brucei subsp. Equiperdum
42
Dourine has been found where in the EU in the last 10 years?
Italy
43
What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?
Paralysis, mainly in hindlimbs Genitals → Skin → Nerves
| 4
44
Geographic locations and symptoms of following Trypanosoma diseases:
Nagana: Central Africa, south of the Sahara region - Haemorrhages on mucosal surfaces, inflammatory-necrotic changes, death due to congestive heart failure
Sleeping Sickness: Africa - Leptomeningitis followed by cerebritis
Surra / Mal de caderas: EU, North Africa, Asia, Central and South America - Oedema, neurological (Horse) and ocular (Dog) signs, etc.
Chagas’ disease: South and Central America - “mega signs” like cardiomegaly, mega-oesophagus, megacolon
Dourine: Third world countries, Italy - “dollar spots” Genitals – Skin – Nerves
45
Which of the following is detected by Giemsa staining of blood smear? MCQ
Theileria
| Trypanosoma
46
What type of biological vector does Salivaria-type Trypanosoma have?
Biological vector - Glossina spp. (Tsetse flies)
| Mechanical vector – Stomoxys and Tabanus spp. (blood-sucking flies)
47
Which phenotype/form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?
Amastigote
| Amastigote host; intra-cellular in macrophages. Promastigote sand-fly; vector.
48
Leishmania develops from:
Amastigote
49
Incubation period of Leishmania?
Several years
| After an incubation period of 3 months to 7 years, chronic outcome.
50
Leishmaniosis vector is:
Sandfly (Phleobotomus)
51
The sandflies can be the vector of the pathogens of which disease?
Leishmaniosis
52
How can host be infected by Leishmania?
Female sand-fly. Vector disease. Via biting.
53
Leishmania transmission can be:
All
| Vector borne. Trans-placental. Sand-fly.
54
What is/are characteristic of pathogenesis of leishmaniosis? (MCQ)
MPS killing amastigotes Hyper-globulinemia
55
Visceral form of Leishmania?
Distended intestines, melena, conjunctiva problems, hyperaemic spleen, PU, PD.
56
Symptoms of Leishmania?
Cutaneous form – Hair loss, hyper-keratosis, desquamation, seborrhoea, small papules, ulcers, crusts, excessive long clawa (onychogryphosis)
Visceral form – Lymph nodes spleen and liver enlarge, fever, anaemia, emaciation, muscle atrophy, ataxia, somnolence, lethargy, anorexia, vomit, diarrhoea, cachexia, PU, PD, ocular signs, rhinitis, coughing, epistaxis, melena
57
Cause of death in Leishmania?
Renal insufficiency/failure (kidney insufficiency)
58
Which country lacks autochthonous cases (indigenous, native) of Leishmaniosis?
Germany
59
What is the approximate size of Giardia:
Trophozoite – 11-17 um
| Cyst - 10-20um
60
How do humans get giardia?
Swimming, contaminated drinking water, washing food with water, surfaces
61
How do chickens get Giardiasis?
Infection per os. Infected water. Water-borne infection.
62
How Giardia infects?
Via contaminated water (swimming, drinking water, washing food), food, surfaces, caprophagy
63
Where can we find Giardia extra-intestinally?
Bile and pancreatic ducts; liver and pancreas.
64
Giardia cyst location?
Environment (infectious form)
65
Giardia trophozoite location?
Host (vegetative form). In intestine, bile duct, pancreatic duct.
66
Which Giardia duodenalis occurs in dog?
Genotypes A-D (ABCD) (A-G genotypes exist)
67
Difference between Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas?
Trichomonas 4 flagella Birds Tritrichomonas 3 flagella Cattle
68
If the following are present, more susceptible to Trichomonas: MCQ
Vitamin A deficiency
69
How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?
```
Young pigeons (squabs) – Via feeding of regurgitated feed content
Pigeons – Via kissing or from contaminated drinking water
```
70
General feature of Trichomonas in pigeons?
Penguin-like posture (birds stand upright with head high and neck straight)
71
What is the characteristic lesion in the hepatic form of pigeon Trichomonosis?
Pea-size necrosis
72
What is/are the worst consequences in Trichomonosis in Cows?
```
Early abortion (1st trimester, before 4th month) – Early abortion in 6-16th week via absorption or elimination
Pyometra – Greyish-white, odourless fluid swarming with Trichomonas
```
73
Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp.:
Above 3 years
74
How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?
From navel
| Hepatic form – Through navel of squabs into the liver – Greyish-yellow, pea-sized necrotic foci
75
Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?
Certain states of America (e.g. Florida, Nevada, California, etc.)
76
How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the genital tract?
Epi-cellularly
77
Which can be found in earthworms?
Histomonas meleagridis – Heterakis earthworm as a transport host.
78
Predisposing factor of Histomonosis:
Turkeys kept together with chickens (asymptomatic carriers, frequently Heterakis infected)
79
Liver of Histomonas infection pathologically seen as:
Dry cut surface
Characteristic, greyish-yellow, circular, deep/sunken, necrotic foci 1-2cm or more in diameter. The border of the lesions shows sharp demarcation, and the dry-cut surface shows concentric structures due to expanding necrosis of the hepatocytes on the periphery. Pathognomic lesions!
80
Characteristics of Histomonosis disease in birds?
Cyanosis of the head (blueish colour)
| Also, weakness, dropping of wings, drowsiness, yellow diarrhoea, death within days
81
Which clinical sign is not characteristic of turkey Histomonosis?
Head cyanosis (no cyanosis of head not wattles in turkey)
82
Entamoeba histolytica morphology:
```
4 nuclei, 8-20 um
Trophozoite Amoeboid form, in mucosa and tissues, ring-like nucleus, endosomes (karysome), RBCs in cytoplasm, no mitochondria (mitosome instead, pseudopodia for movement). 10-20um
Cyst Round (cf to Giardia which is oval!), 4 nuclei, blunt chromatidal bars. 8-10um
```
83
Which of the following is/are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophoziotes? MCQ
Eccentric endosome
| Phagocytised RBCs
84
What causes anosmia (loss of smell)?
Entamoeba histolytica
85
Entamoeba attacks:
RBCs
86
Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?
Abscess in liver
| Peritonits, pleuritis (if abscesses rupture). Skin: Erythema, alopecia, hyper-keratosis (desquamation)
87
Acanthamoebosis
Free-living, soil inhabitant, opportunistic amoebae
88
Chronic granulomatosus encephalitis is caused by:
Acanthamoeba castellani
89
What is chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in humans caused by?
Acanthamoeba castellani
90
How can a dog become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?
Dog - From water, contact with still water, through skin lesion. Opportunism if dog with Distemper.
Horse – Via inhalation, through skin lesion.
91
Naegleria morphology:
10-12 um, rounded Trophozoite Biflagellar form Cyst
< 20 um, with a single amoebostome
Swim large distances in water
10-12 um, uni-nucleated, round, ostiolum (tiny opening for excystation)
92
What is shape and size of Naegleria cyst?
Uni-nucleated, osteolum, rounded, 10-12 um
93
What is the form Naegleria fowleri does not have?
Provided with one flagellum
| N. fowleri has biflagellar form
94
What is the acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans caused by?
Naegleria fowleri
95
What disease does Naegleria fowleri cause?
Primary amoeboid meningoencephalitis
96
What is true for infection with Amoeba? (?)
Large nucleus. Large cyst.
97
Specific for opportunist amoebas? (?)
Big nucleus
98
Detection of Klossiella:
Sporocysts – Urine:Sodium hydrogencarbonate. Centrifuge. Examine sediment.
Sporoblasts – Basophil staining, bilaminar membrane projections on the surface.
99
What belongs to Alveolata (meaning ‘with cavities’, group of protists)
Apicomplexa, Ciliophora
100
Where does the merozoite develop?
Inside schizont
101
Eimeria (Coccidiosis) imp.
Many questions on Eimeria spp. Refer to lab questions as well
102
Which statement is not true for the development of Eimeria species?
Schizogony occurs in gametogony. (It occurs in Schizogony)
True: Schizogony is initiated epithelially or sub-epithelially. Sporulated oocysts are more resistant than unsporulated ones. Occurrence of meronts with few merozoites is not characteristic.
103
Pre-disposing factors to Eimeria:
Young age, intensive (crowded, accelerated keeping), insufficient nutrition (lack of vitamins, protein in the feed), litter (deep), neglected hygienic measures, inter-current infections.
104
Which Eimeria species occurs extra-intestinally?
E. ninakohyakimovae in Goats’ lymph nodes and gall bladder
| E. danoilovi in Ducks. Lesions in cerebellum.
105
Difference between Isospora and Eimeria spp.?
Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle, and residual bodies.
106
Location of Eimeria spp.
```
E. tenella - caecum - haemorrhage
E. necatrix - SI - haemorrhage
E. brunetti - rectum - haemorrhage
E. maxima - mid-SI - moderate patho
E. acervulina - duodenum
E. mitis - the whole intestinal length -subclinical coccidosis
E. mivalti -subclinical coccidosis
E. praecox - SI -subclinical coccidosis
```
107
Different Eimeria spp. asking for most pathogenic stage:
E. tenella - 2nd Schizont
E. brunetti, E. necratix - 2nd Schizogony
E. brunetti - 2nd Schizogony, 3rd Gametogony
108
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic lesions in small intestine of chicken?
Three (E. necratrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti)
109
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?
Two (E. tenella, E. brunetti)
110
Which Eimeria in the small intestine does not cause haemorrhages?
Not E. acervulina nor E. mitis
111
What Eimeria causes haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?
E. Brunetti
112
Which Eimeria spp. in chicken is:
Highly pathogenic: E. tenella, E. necratrix
Moderately pathogenic: E. maxima
Less pathogenic: E. acervulina, E.mitis
113
Which Eimeria causes ladder-like white bands?
E. acervulina
114
Eimeria acervulina location:
Duodenum (heavier infection extending to the jejunum)
115
Which Eimeria spp. is complimentary to E. acervulina? (?)
E. mitis maybe, since both cause sub-clinical signs in chicken (less pathogenic)
116
Location of Eimeria tenella: MCQ
Caecum
| Epithelial cells – Lymphocytes – Macrophages – Crypt epithelium
117
Which is the most pathogenic? E. tenella or E. acervulina?
E. tenella
118
Which is/are the most pathogenic stage(s) of E. tenella?
2nd schizont
119
Location of Eimeria maxima: MCQ
Jejunum
| Occasionally in the duodenum, ileum
120
Which Eimeria sp./spp. cause(s) typically coagulation necrosis?
E. brunetti
121
Which Eimeria sp./spp. have 6-7 day pre-patent period?
E. tenella
E. necatrix
(5 days pre-patent period in E. brunetti, E. maxima)
122
Which is most probably not found in chicken?
E. duodenalis, E. flavescens
123
No neurological symptoms?
Eimeria of turkey
| Chicken, Turkey, Pigeon, Duck. Duck → Causes cerebellar lesions.
124
Which Eimeria species does not occur behind the small intestine?
E. meleagridis
125
Which turkey coccidium is at most forward?
E. meleagrimitis (jejunum, duodenum, ileum)
126
The most pathogenic turkey coccidium?
E. adenoiedes
E. gallopavonis
E. meleagrimitis
(Not pathogenic – E. meleagridis)
127
Which one is not found in turkey?
E. duodenalis (found in Pheasant)
128
What is the characteristic colour of necrotic debris during E. adenoeides coccidiosis? (?)
white
129
Which one causes catarrhal haemorrhagic inflammation in Pheasant?
E. colchici
130
Where does Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum develop?
Pigeon, middle of small intestine
131
Eimeria labbeana. In which spp. and organ?
Pigeon – Small intestine
132
Goose kidney coccidium?
E. truncata
133
Eimeria kotlani is in which species?
Goose - Intestinal coccidiosis (also E. nocens, E. anseris)
134
Which coccidia has 4 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites in each?
Wenyonella philiplevinei (coccidiosis of duck)
135
How many Eimeria spp. does not cause haemorrhages in the small intestine?
One – E. anatis no haemorrhages
| Haemorrhages in Ducks (3) – Tyzzeria perniciosia, E. danailovi, Wenyonella philiplevinei
136
Coccidiosis of Horse
E. leuckarti – Small intestine
137
What characteristic lesion of Horse coccidiosis in small intestine?
Catarrhal-inflammatory changes
138
Cause of Horse coccidiosis?
E. leuckarti
139
What type of oocyst is E. leuckarti?
80 um, piriform, (thick, dark brown wall and large micropyle)
140
Coccidiosis of Cattle
```
E. zuernii
E. bovis
E. ellipsoidalis
E. alabamensis
E. auburnensis
```
141
Which Eimeria spp. is highly pathogenic in cattle?
E. zuernii
| E. bovis
142
Which Eimeria spp. is found in cattle?
E. bovis and E. zuernii are the most pathogenic in cattle
143
Which Eimeria sp. may have a high pathogenicity similar to E. zuernii? (?)
E. alabamensis
According to notes, the following have similar pathogenicity in cattle:
E. zuernii – E. bovis (most)
Sinead Darmanin
E. alabamensis – E. aubernensis E. ellipsoidalis (least)
144
Coccidiosis of Small Ruminants
```
Sheep:
E. ovinoidalis (most pathogenic)
E. bakuensis
E. crandallis
E. parva
E. ahsata
```
```
Goat:
E. ninakohlyakimovae (most pathogenic)
E. arloingi
E. christenseni
E. caprina
```
145
Sheep Eimeria spp. and what it causes in the intestine:
E. ovinoidalis, E. crandallis, E. parva Diffuse hyper-plasia and thickening of the wall of the caecum (occasionally of the colon), with necrosis, roughness, and small haemorrhages on the mucosal surface.
E. baukuensis, (E. arloingi - Goat) Greyish-white, flat/protuberant hyper-plastic nodules. Occasionally 4-7 mm polyp-like growths (enlarged villi) in the posterior small intestine: Nest of gamonts, many oocysts.
146
Which Eimeria species occurs in Goat?
E. ninakohlyakimovae (occurs extra-intestinally)
147
Coccidiosis of Rabbit – Liver Coccidiosis
E. stiedai
148
Which of the highly pathogenic Eimeria species is in right location?
E. flavescens in caecum
149
Which of the following is correct?
E. irresidua – Jejunum
150
Rabbit coccidiosis:
```
Small intestine x3:
E. intestinalis
E. magna
E. irresidua
Large intestine x2
E. flavescens
E. piriformis
```
151
Coccidiosis of the Pig
E. deblicki E. polita E. scabra E. spinosa (non-pathogenic) Isospora suis (pathogenic)
152
What is not characteristic during Pig coccidiosis?
Haemorrhagic enteritis
153
Where are the lesions caused by Isospora suis mostly situated?
Jejunum
154
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts?
Isospora
Sporulated Isospora oocysts contain 2 sporocysts, and 4 sporozoites in each, with a wall without micropyle, containing neither oocyst residual body nor Stieda body
155
Coccidiosis of Carnivores
```
Dog:
Isospora canis
I. ohioensis
I. burrowsi
Cat:
Isospora felis
I. rivolta
```
156
Difference between Isospora and Eimeria?
Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle, and residual bodies.
157
Difference between Neospora and Isospora?
Isospora do not have microcpyle in wall. Isospora oocysts do not have residual or stieda body.
158
If Eimeria oocysts are recognised in Dog faeces, then: (?)
Belong to dogs as hosts, no pathological significance Pseudoparasites
159
If Dog passes Eimeria in faeces (are detectable):
Not diagnostic
| Since in carnivores:- Healthy animal may also shed oocysts.
160
Dog coccidiosis:
Host specific, homoxenous parasites (with paratenic host only!)
161
Which species does not have Eimeria spp.?
Carnivores (have Isospora spp.)
162
Locations of Cryptosporidium spp.:
C. parvum - Small intestine (ileum) - Ruminants, rodents, humans
C. muris - Abomasum /
Stomach (primates) - Rodents, rabbits, ruminants, carnivores, humans
C. andersoni - Abomasum / Stomach - Ruminants, humans
163
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 4 free sporozoites?
Cryptosporidium
164
Which genus has sporulated oocysts without sporocysts?
Cryptosporidium
165
Size of Cryptosporidiosis oocyst?
5-6 (-8 inc. mammalian) Mammalian 5-8 um
166
What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts?
6-7um, oval
167
Crpyosporidium infection:
Per os infection. Mainly with water (water-borne). Aerogen via coughing, dust, or spray.
168
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in mammals?
C. parvum (due to apoptosis)
169
Cryptosporidium parvum more likely in:
Immunocompromised animals (opportunism) Giardia (concurrent infection)
170
Cryptosporidium andersoni in:
Gastric glands of bovine abomasum. Older calves.
171
Which Cryptosporidium sp./spp. occur(s) frequently in post-weaned or older calves? (MCQ)
C. bovis
C. ryanae
C. andersoni
172
Which is not characteristic of Avian cryptosporidiosis?
Hepatic
| Characteristic: Respiratory, intestinal, renal
173
Cryptosporidium baileyi not in: (location and host)
True: In chicken (location depends on route of infection)
174
In which location will Cryptosporidium baileyi not establish?
Stomach
175
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in Broilers?
Respiratory form
176
In which host does Toxoplasmosis play a large role in abortion?
Sheep (In mid-gestation)
| Also small ruminants, humans. Sometimes pigs.
177
Hammondia hammondii is similar to:
Toxoplasma gondii
178
Which are the routes of infection of Toxoplasma?
Oral – Via meat containing cysts / sporulated oocysts Galactogenic
Trans-placental
Parenteral
179
What kind of meat do humans get Toxoplasma from?
Venison, lamb, and pork mainly. Undercooked meat like deer, pork and lamb.
180
How do humans get Toxoplasma?
Soil work, unwashed vegetables, oocyst in water, contact with cats.
181
Difference between Neospora and Isospora?
Isospora do not have microcpyle in wall. Isospora oocysts do not have residual or stieda body.
182
What are potential consequences of Neosporosis in dogs? MCQ
(Neospora is a form of paralysis in dogs, and abortion in cattle) Poly-radiculo-neuritis (ascending form of hind-limb paralysis) Dysphagia
Dermatitis (generalized form is a disseminated form with pol- or pyogranumatous-ulcerative dermatitis)
183
Neospora caninum of dogs causes: (final and intermediate host)
Poly-radiculo-neurits
184
When does Neospora caninum cause abortion?
Cows – Abortion between 3rd-7th month of gestation (early foetal death may entail resorption, later
causes mummification, autolysis)
Due to tachyzoites (parasitaemia) of the mother. Neospora is a cause of paralysis in dog and abortion in cattle.
185
What is the characteristic gestation period of Neosporosis related abortion in cows? (intermediate host)
4-6 months
186
Neospora hughesi causes:
Equine protozoal myelmoencephalitis (EPM)
187
Who does Hammondiosis affect?
Final Host: Dog, fox, coyote (H. heydorni and H. triffittae in canids) , cat (H. hammondi) (Carnivores)
Intermediate Host: Ruminants, guinea pigs, mice, deer dogs (Prey species)
188
Clinical signs of Hammondia spp.:
H. hammondi - Only in intermediate host. Depression, anorexia, myocarditis, death in mouse, rat. Final host no symptoms.
H. heydorni - No clinical signs.
189
To whom are Hammondia spp. closely related genetically?
Toxoplasma gondii
190
Hammondiosis causes symptoms in what?
Cat, Dog
| Usually sub-clinical in cats. H. heydorni can cause diarrhoea in immuno-compromised dogs.
191
Which species shed Hammondi cysts?
Cats only, via faeces.
192
Which species is related to pathological signs in Hammondia?
Mouse – Depression, anorexia, myositis, myocarditis, death.
193
Besnoitia species are:
Obligatory hetero-xenous (the majority obligatory)
194
Size of besnoitia cyst?
3- 800 um, visible to the naked eye
195
What is the direction of spreading bovine Besnoitiosis in Europe?
South-west to east
196
Besnoitia vector:
Tabanus, Stomoxys (blood-sucking insects transmit mechanically the cystozoites = hetero-xenous)
197
Where does the Besnoitia cyst occur?
Sclera. Pathognomic. Cysts occur in the sclera (pathognomic), respiratory muscles, genital mucosa.
Endothelium (cystozoites, surrounded by connective tissue reaction). Sclera-derma stage: Dermis, sub-cutaneous tissue (also in the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, mucosa of respiratory and genital organs, serosal surfaces).
198
Which statement is not true for Besnoitia besnoiti?
It ́s most important intermediate host is the cat. (Intermediate host is cattle, wild ruminants). True: It can be transmitted by vectors. The cyst is visible to the naked eye. Develops in the endothel.
199
Which domestic animals have zoonotic Sarcocystis sp./spp.?
Pig, cattle
| Pig – S. suihominis Cattle – S. hominis
200
Ruminants Sarcocystiosis pathogenesis:
Dalmeny disease – General haemorrhages diathesis (petechial and diffuse haemorrhages everywhere)
201
Haemogregarines characteristics:
Micro- and macro-gamonts develop next to each other
202
In Klossiella there is:
Free sporocyst to discharge via urine. Sporocyst with 10-15 sporozoites in it.
203
Which animal is pathogenically affected by Klosseliosis?
Horse (K. equi) and Mouse (K. muris)
204
Hepatozoon host:
Dog, fox, jackal, (cat)
205
True for hepatozoon:
Oocyst develops in ticks
| Biological vectors – Hard ticks mainly Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. turanicus, Amblyomma maculatum
206
Hepatozoon americanum develops in which tissue?
In muscles (myocardium!)
207
Specific for Hepatozoon americanum:
Schizonts with mutli-lamellar wall (onion-like)
208
What is the last developmental stage in Hepatozoon canis of dog?
Gamont (appear in the blood 5 weeks PI)
209
Location of Hepatozoon canis:
Neutrophils, granulocytes, WBCs
210
What is characteristic of Hepatozoon canis oocysts?
Very large, visible to the naked eye (0.3 – 1 mm)
211
Which infective form in tick of Hepatozoon canis?
Oocyst
212
How can canine Hepatozoonosis be diagnosed?
Finding gamonts in the blood (Elliptic gamonts in WBCs; mainly neutrophil granulocytes)
213
Haemosporinids
Hetero-xenous parasites. Fertilized zygote is motile. No sporocyst, conoid.
214
Plasmodiosis (Malaria)
| Which malaria is crescent shaped?
Malaria falciparum – Its gametocytes have a crescent or banana shape.
215
Which stage is missing in Plasmodium?
No syzygium nor sporocyst
216
Plasmodium doesn't have this?
Sporocyst
217
What cells are infected with Plasmodium?
MPS, RBC, lymphocytes, and liver.
218
In Plasmodium species, where does the primer exo-erythrocytic schizogony take place?
Mammals – Liver parenchyma cells
| Birds – MPS of skin, then of various organs
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Followed by endo-erythrocytic merogony in:
RBCs, within PV, continuing repeatedly and synchronising.
220
Which Plasmodium causes the appearance of Schüffner dots in red blood cells?
P. ovale and P. vivax
221
Which Plasmodium species is not pathogenic to humans?
P. simium
| Humans – P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale
222
What is the most important biological vector of Plasmodium gallinaceum (chicken)?
Culex/Aedes mosquitoes – For birds
| Anopheles mosquitoes – For mammals
223
Which isn’t a characteristic of Haemoproteosis?
Lung emphysema
| Characteristic: Lung oedema, haemorrhages on the heart, megalo-schizonts in heart
224
Where does Haemoproetus develop?
Development in the vector for 1-2 weeks
225
Vectors of Haemoproteus spp.?
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Biological vectors
Forest flies (Hippoboscidae spp.)
Biting midges (Culicoides spp.)
```
226
Where does the first schizogony of Haemoproteus spp. take place?
In endothelial cells
227
Haemoproteus can be detected:
Pigmented gamonts in RBCs (sausage-like, next to...then encircling the nucleus)
228
Which is correct for Haemoproteus?
Sausage-shaped gamont inside RBCs
| Sausage-like in RBCs next to the nucleus (since Haemoproteus spp. are bird protozoa, and their RBCs have a nucleus)
229
Which Leucocytozoon species occurs in chicken?
L. caulleryi
230
Which are the vectors of Leucocytozoon species?
Biological vectors:
Blackflies (Simulidae)
Biting midges (Culicoides spp.)
231
Leucocytozoon first schizogony takes place where?
In liver parenchymal cells (spleen and other organs, depending on spp.)
232
Which is absent from the lifecycle of Leucocytozoon species?
Sporokinete
233
Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. don’t usually cause any haemorrhage, necrosis?
Mucous membranes
| Cause haemorrhages, necrosis in: Lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, ovary, oviduct, and muscles.
234
Piroplasmosis
Piroplasmosis characteristics:
Heteoxenous parasites
No oocyst, conoid (together with Haemosporinids called ‘Aconidasida’)
235
Breed predisposition to Babesia in Dogs:
Spaniel
Also Doberman, Pekingese, Yorkshire terrier, Irish setter. More resistant – Beagle, Fox terrier
Sub-clinical – German shepherds
236
Transmission of Babesia:
Via ticks
237
Which ticks are vector of large Babesia spp?
Eq: Dermancentor marginatus
Bo: Boophilus spp. + Haemaphysalis punctuata
Ca: Dermacentor reticularis
238
Babesia canis transmitted by Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus?
False – D. reticularis only
239
Which genus/ genera include(s) tick sp./spp. that is/are vectors of large babesiosis? MCQ
Haemaphysalis
| Dermacentor
240
What transmits horse Babesia?
B. caballi’s vector is Dermacentor marginatus
241
Mode of Babesia transmission:
Trans-ovarial (Female) Trans-stadial Intra-stadial (Male)
242
Which is the vector of the zoonotic European Babesiosis?
Ixodes ricinus
| Zoonotic babesia = B. divergans = Ixodes ricinus (Babesia vector)
243
Can humans get Babesia from dogs?
False
244
Babesia incubation period:
4-21 days
245
What is the incubation period of canine Babesiosis?
5-20 days
246
Form of Theileria that occurs in RBCs?
Piroplasm
| n.b. Both Theileria and Babesia have piroplasms (merozoite form in the shape of Maltese cross)
247
What is not characteristic of equine Theileriosis? (Theileria equi, formerly Babesia equi)
Do not see neurological signs.
| See haemoglobinuria, haemorrhages, melena, pre-natal infection.
248
Which Theileria spp. is pathogenic?
Theileria equi (Horse) Theleria annulata (Cattle)
249
Which is not in South America?
Theliera parva (in East Africa) and Babesia microti (in North America, Europe)
250
Which Theileria sp. spp. is/are pathogenic?
```
T. equi
T. parva
T. lawrencei
T. annulata
T. hirei
```
251
First schizogony of Cytauxzoon felis occurs in:
MPS cells (RES, mostly macrophages)
252
Vectors of Cytauxzoonosis?
Dermacentor variabilis Amblyomma americanum
253
Which genus does the vector of Cytauxzoon felis belong to?
Amblyomma
254
What is primarily responsible for the pathogenic effect of Cytauxzoon felis?
Occlusion of blood vessels by schizonts
255
Balantidium coli:
Vegetative form 50-150 um (ovoid, vestibulum, cytostome) Cyst 40-60 um (spherical, thick-walled)
(related spp. Buxtonella sulcate; cattle)
256
What is Blastocytosis similar to?
Genetic diversity in Blastocystosis hominis similar to Cryptosporidium genus.
257
How does Blastocysta infect?
Opportunistic parasite in humans, in case of diet change that influences the gut flora. Non-invasive. Infection – Faecal-oral route, or waterborne.
258
What is the smallest in Blastocysta?
Cyst (3-6 um)
| Vacuolar form 2-200 um
259
Into which larger taxonomical category do Blastocystis spp. belong to?
Stramenophila protist
260
Which is in Alveolate group?
Meaning ‘with cavities’. Group of protists. Ciliates, Apicomplexa, etc.
261
Alveolata is related to:
Apicomplexan parasites
262
Microspora
Homo-xenous, obligatory intra-cellular parasites (no mitochondria)
In the spore: One polar body, spiral duct and sproplasm
Genera: Encephalitzoon, Enterocytozoon (hu), Nosema (bee)
263
What is the approximate size of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores?
2um (1.5-2 um)
264
In what can Encephalitozoon spores be found? MCQ
Urine
Renal tubular cells
Kidney
Brain
265
Staining Encephalitozoon cuniculi:
Ziehl Nielsen
| India ink
266
It is more a fox symptom than a dog in case of Encephalitozoonosis:
thickened arterial wall, smaller diameter
267
Which clinical sign is not characteristic of Encephalitozoonosis?
Posterior paralysis
| Effects kidney and brain. See neurological, ocular, and renal signs.
268
What is characteristic effect of the pathology of Encephalitozoonosis?
Chronic interstitial nephritis
269
How can infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi be aquired?
Prenatally
| Horizontal via urine, prey animals, water OR Vetrical trans-placental
270
Representatives of which orders are primarily affected by Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Lagomorpha, Carnivora
