Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane:

A

T. brucei brucei, T. congolense

T. vivax – Inconspicuous undulating membrane

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2
Q

Stages of Tryponosoma spp. having undulating membrane:

A

Trypomastigote

Epimastigote

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3
Q

Which trypanosome stage is intracellular?

A

Amastigote

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4
Q

Which has flagellum, but no undulating membrane?

A

Promastigote

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5
Q

Which does not have flagellum?

A

 Amastigote

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6
Q

Which phenotype of trypanosomes has the kinetoplast anteriorly next to the nucleus, and is also provided with short undulating membrane?

A

Epimastigote

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7
Q

Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?

A

WBCs, macrophages

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8
Q

Trypanosoma found in old world and new world.

A

Trypanosoma vivax (South America only)

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9
Q

For how long does Trypanosoma have…?

A

Many years

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10
Q

Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; which occur in South America?

A

Both. These are the Trypanosomes group.

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11
Q

What is the size range of trypanosomes?

A

8-39um

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12
Q

Name of the cutaneous inflammation after an infection / infiltration with Trypanosoma:

A

Chancre

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13
Q

Nagana caused by:

A

Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense, T. brucei

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14
Q

Spp. not effected by Nagana:

A

 Wild animals (reservoir role) and certain breeds of cattle (N’Dama, zebu are resistant. Ru. Eq. Sus. Ca. effected

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15
Q

Which is the largest among the causative agents of Nagana?

A

T.brucei brucei (15-39 um)

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16
Q

Largest Trypanosoma from the following:

A

Trypanosoma brucie brucie (15-39 um)

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17
Q

Which Trypomastigote has a large undulating membrane?

A

Tryponosoma brucei brucei

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18
Q

What is the most frequent cause of death in Nagana?

A

Congestive heart failure

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19
Q

Which region of Africa does the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness (T. rhodensiense) occur?

A

Eastern

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20
Q

Trypanosoma evansi causes:

A

Mal de caderas / Surra

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21
Q

The causative agent of Surra (mal de caderas):

A

Has broad host spectrum – Horse, dog, camel, elephant, humans.

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22
Q

Which host has asymptomatic Trypanosoma evansi infection?

A

Cattle

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23
Q

Surra caused by which parasite?

A

Trypanosoma evansi

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24
Q

Surra is found where in the world?

A

North Africa, Asia, Central and South America

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25
Q

The vector of T. brucei evansi plays a role as:

A

Mechanical vector

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26
Q

Mal de Caderas symptoms:

A

Oedema of limbs

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27
Q

Which animal has asymptomatic T. brucei evansi infection:

A

Cattle, water pig (since these are reservoirs)

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28
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi causes:

A

Chagas’ disease

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29
Q

The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs?

A

In mesenchymal cells
Amastigote (mesenchymal cells) – Infected cells rupture, disintegrating amasitgotes elicit an inflammatory response - Epimastigote – Trpomastigote (infect new cells and tissues, muscle, nerves)

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30
Q

How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Eating bugs

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31
Q

The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs where?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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32
Q

Which phenotype is not characteristic of Trypanosoma cruszi?

A

 Promastigote

See amastigote, epimastigote, and (in the blood stream) trypomastigote.

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33
Q

What is not caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

 Megalomania

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34
Q

Which has the biggest kinetoplast or soma from the 4 Trypanosoma?

A

T. Cruzi

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35
Q

How can the kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?

A

With their faeces

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36
Q

Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes:

A

Dourine (exanthema coitale paralyticum)

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37
Q

Which trypanosoma species causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?

A

T. equiperdum (does not effect dogs)

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38
Q

Which species does the causative agent of Dourine belong to?

A

T. brucei

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39
Q

In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?

A

Uritricia

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40
Q

Which ocular problem does Dourine not cause?

A

 Nystagmus (strabism), lachrymation, mydriasis

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41
Q

Dourine caused by:

A

Trypanosome brucei subsp. Equiperdum

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42
Q

Dourine has been found where in the EU in the last 10 years?

A

Italy

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43
Q

What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?

A

Paralysis, mainly in hindlimbs Genitals → Skin → Nerves

4

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44
Q

Geographic locations and symptoms of following Trypanosoma diseases:

A

Nagana: Central Africa, south of the Sahara region - Haemorrhages on mucosal surfaces, inflammatory-necrotic changes, death due to congestive heart failure
Sleeping Sickness: Africa - Leptomeningitis followed by cerebritis
Surra / Mal de caderas: EU, North Africa, Asia, Central and South America - Oedema, neurological (Horse) and ocular (Dog) signs, etc.
Chagas’ disease: South and Central America - “mega signs” like cardiomegaly, mega-oesophagus, megacolon
Dourine: Third world countries, Italy - “dollar spots” Genitals – Skin – Nerves

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45
Q

Which of the following is detected by Giemsa staining of blood smear? MCQ

A

Theileria

Trypanosoma

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46
Q

What type of biological vector does Salivaria-type Trypanosoma have?

A

Biological vector - Glossina spp. (Tsetse flies)

Mechanical vector – Stomoxys and Tabanus spp. (blood-sucking flies)

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47
Q

Which phenotype/form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?

A

Amastigote

Amastigote host; intra-cellular in macrophages. Promastigote sand-fly; vector.

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48
Q

Leishmania develops from:

A

Amastigote

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49
Q

Incubation period of Leishmania?

A

Several years

After an incubation period of 3 months to 7 years, chronic outcome.

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50
Q

Leishmaniosis vector is:

A

Sandfly (Phleobotomus)

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51
Q

The sandflies can be the vector of the pathogens of which disease?

A

Leishmaniosis

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52
Q

How can host be infected by Leishmania?

A

Female sand-fly. Vector disease. Via biting.

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53
Q

Leishmania transmission can be:

A

All

Vector borne. Trans-placental. Sand-fly.

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54
Q

What is/are characteristic of pathogenesis of leishmaniosis? (MCQ)

A

MPS killing amastigotes Hyper-globulinemia

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55
Q

Visceral form of Leishmania?

A

Distended intestines, melena, conjunctiva problems, hyperaemic spleen, PU, PD.

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56
Q

Symptoms of Leishmania?

A

Cutaneous form – Hair loss, hyper-keratosis, desquamation, seborrhoea, small papules, ulcers, crusts, excessive long clawa (onychogryphosis)
Visceral form – Lymph nodes spleen and liver enlarge, fever, anaemia, emaciation, muscle atrophy, ataxia, somnolence, lethargy, anorexia, vomit, diarrhoea, cachexia, PU, PD, ocular signs, rhinitis, coughing, epistaxis, melena

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57
Q

Cause of death in Leishmania?

A

Renal insufficiency/failure (kidney insufficiency)

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58
Q

Which country lacks autochthonous cases (indigenous, native) of Leishmaniosis?

A

 Germany

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59
Q

What is the approximate size of Giardia:

A

Trophozoite – 11-17 um

Cyst - 10-20um

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60
Q

How do humans get giardia?

A

Swimming, contaminated drinking water, washing food with water, surfaces

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61
Q

How do chickens get Giardiasis?

A

Infection per os. Infected water. Water-borne infection.

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62
Q

How Giardia infects?

A

Via contaminated water (swimming, drinking water, washing food), food, surfaces, caprophagy

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63
Q

Where can we find Giardia extra-intestinally?

A

Bile and pancreatic ducts; liver and pancreas.

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64
Q

Giardia cyst location?

A

Environment (infectious form)

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65
Q

Giardia trophozoite location?

A

Host (vegetative form). In intestine, bile duct, pancreatic duct.

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66
Q

Which Giardia duodenalis occurs in dog?

A

Genotypes A-D (ABCD) (A-G genotypes exist)

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67
Q

Difference between Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas?

A

Trichomonas 4 flagella Birds Tritrichomonas 3 flagella Cattle

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68
Q

If the following are present, more susceptible to Trichomonas: MCQ

A

Vitamin A deficiency

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69
Q

How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?

A
Young pigeons (squabs) – Via feeding of regurgitated feed content 
Pigeons – Via kissing or from contaminated drinking water
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70
Q

General feature of Trichomonas in pigeons?

A

Penguin-like posture (birds stand upright with head high and neck straight)

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71
Q

What is the characteristic lesion in the hepatic form of pigeon Trichomonosis?

A

Pea-size necrosis

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72
Q

What is/are the worst consequences in Trichomonosis in Cows?

A
Early abortion (1st trimester, before 4th month) – Early abortion in 6-16th week via absorption or elimination
Pyometra – Greyish-white, odourless fluid swarming with Trichomonas
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73
Q

Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp.:

A

Above 3 years

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74
Q

How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?

A

From navel

Hepatic form – Through navel of squabs into the liver – Greyish-yellow, pea-sized necrotic foci

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75
Q

Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?

A

Certain states of America (e.g. Florida, Nevada, California, etc.)

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76
Q

How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the genital tract?

A

Epi-cellularly

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77
Q

Which can be found in earthworms?

A

Histomonas meleagridis – Heterakis earthworm as a transport host.

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78
Q

Predisposing factor of Histomonosis:

A

Turkeys kept together with chickens (asymptomatic carriers, frequently Heterakis infected)

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79
Q

Liver of Histomonas infection pathologically seen as:

A

Dry cut surface
Characteristic, greyish-yellow, circular, deep/sunken, necrotic foci 1-2cm or more in diameter. The border of the lesions shows sharp demarcation, and the dry-cut surface shows concentric structures due to expanding necrosis of the hepatocytes on the periphery. Pathognomic lesions!

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80
Q

Characteristics of Histomonosis disease in birds?

A

Cyanosis of the head (blueish colour)

Also, weakness, dropping of wings, drowsiness, yellow diarrhoea, death within days

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81
Q

Which clinical sign is not characteristic of turkey Histomonosis?

A

 Head cyanosis (no cyanosis of head not wattles in turkey)

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82
Q

Entamoeba histolytica morphology:

A
4 nuclei, 8-20 um
Trophozoite Amoeboid form, in mucosa and tissues, ring-like nucleus, endosomes (karysome), RBCs in cytoplasm, no mitochondria (mitosome instead, pseudopodia for movement). 10-20um
Cyst Round (cf to Giardia which is oval!), 4 nuclei, blunt chromatidal bars. 8-10um
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83
Q

Which of the following is/are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophoziotes? MCQ

A

Eccentric endosome

Phagocytised RBCs

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84
Q

What causes anosmia (loss of smell)?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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85
Q

Entamoeba attacks:

A

RBCs

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86
Q

Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?

A

Abscess in liver

Peritonits, pleuritis (if abscesses rupture). Skin: Erythema, alopecia, hyper-keratosis (desquamation)

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87
Q

Acanthamoebosis

A

Free-living, soil inhabitant, opportunistic amoebae

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88
Q

Chronic granulomatosus encephalitis is caused by:

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

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89
Q

What is chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in humans caused by?

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

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90
Q

How can a dog become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?

A

Dog - From water, contact with still water, through skin lesion. Opportunism if dog with Distemper.
Horse – Via inhalation, through skin lesion.

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91
Q

Naegleria morphology:

A

10-12 um, rounded Trophozoite Biflagellar form Cyst
< 20 um, with a single amoebostome
Swim large distances in water
10-12 um, uni-nucleated, round, ostiolum (tiny opening for excystation)

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92
Q

What is shape and size of Naegleria cyst?

A

Uni-nucleated, osteolum, rounded, 10-12 um

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93
Q

What is the form Naegleria fowleri does not have?

A

 Provided with one flagellum

N. fowleri has biflagellar form

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94
Q

What is the acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans caused by?

A

Naegleria fowleri

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95
Q

What disease does Naegleria fowleri cause?

A

Primary amoeboid meningoencephalitis

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96
Q

What is true for infection with Amoeba? (?)

A

Large nucleus. Large cyst.

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97
Q

Specific for opportunist amoebas? (?)

A

Big nucleus

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98
Q

Detection of Klossiella:

A

Sporocysts – Urine:Sodium hydrogencarbonate. Centrifuge. Examine sediment.
Sporoblasts – Basophil staining, bilaminar membrane projections on the surface.

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99
Q

What belongs to Alveolata (meaning ‘with cavities’, group of protists)

A

Apicomplexa, Ciliophora

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100
Q

Where does the merozoite develop?

A

Inside schizont

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101
Q

Eimeria (Coccidiosis) imp.

A

Many questions on Eimeria spp. Refer to lab questions as well 

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102
Q

Which statement is not true for the development of Eimeria species?

A

 Schizogony occurs in gametogony. (It occurs in Schizogony)
True: Schizogony is initiated epithelially or sub-epithelially. Sporulated oocysts are more resistant than unsporulated ones. Occurrence of meronts with few merozoites is not characteristic.

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103
Q

Pre-disposing factors to Eimeria:

A

Young age, intensive (crowded, accelerated keeping), insufficient nutrition (lack of vitamins, protein in the feed), litter (deep), neglected hygienic measures, inter-current infections.

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104
Q

Which Eimeria species occurs extra-intestinally?

A

E. ninakohyakimovae in Goats’ lymph nodes and gall bladder

E. danoilovi in Ducks. Lesions in cerebellum.

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105
Q

Difference between Isospora and Eimeria spp.?

A

Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle, and residual bodies.

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106
Q

Location of Eimeria spp.

A
E. tenella - caecum - haemorrhage
E. necatrix - SI - haemorrhage
E. brunetti - rectum - haemorrhage
E. maxima - mid-SI - moderate patho
E. acervulina - duodenum 
E. mitis - the whole intestinal length -subclinical coccidosis
E. mivalti  -subclinical coccidosis
E. praecox - SI  -subclinical coccidosis
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107
Q

Different Eimeria spp. asking for most pathogenic stage:

A

E. tenella - 2nd Schizont
E. brunetti, E. necratix - 2nd Schizogony
E. brunetti - 2nd Schizogony, 3rd Gametogony

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108
Q

How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic lesions in small intestine of chicken?

A

Three (E. necratrix, E. maxima, E. brunetti)

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109
Q

How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?

A

Two (E. tenella, E. brunetti)

110
Q

Which Eimeria in the small intestine does not cause haemorrhages?

A

 Not E. acervulina nor E. mitis

111
Q

What Eimeria causes haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?

A

E. Brunetti

112
Q

Which Eimeria spp. in chicken is:

A

Highly pathogenic: E. tenella, E. necratrix
Moderately pathogenic: E. maxima
Less pathogenic: E. acervulina, E.mitis

113
Q

Which Eimeria causes ladder-like white bands?

A

E. acervulina

114
Q

Eimeria acervulina location:

A

Duodenum (heavier infection extending to the jejunum)

115
Q

Which Eimeria spp. is complimentary to E. acervulina? (?)

A

E. mitis maybe, since both cause sub-clinical signs in chicken (less pathogenic)

116
Q

Location of Eimeria tenella: MCQ

A

Caecum

Epithelial cells – Lymphocytes – Macrophages – Crypt epithelium

117
Q

Which is the most pathogenic? E. tenella or E. acervulina?

A

E. tenella

118
Q

Which is/are the most pathogenic stage(s) of E. tenella?

A

2nd schizont

119
Q

Location of Eimeria maxima: MCQ

A

Jejunum

Occasionally in the duodenum, ileum

120
Q

Which Eimeria sp./spp. cause(s) typically coagulation necrosis?

A

E. brunetti

121
Q

Which Eimeria sp./spp. have 6-7 day pre-patent period?

A

E. tenella
E. necatrix
(5 days pre-patent period in E. brunetti, E. maxima)

122
Q

Which is most probably not found in chicken?

A

 E. duodenalis, E. flavescens

123
Q

No neurological symptoms?

A

 Eimeria of turkey

Chicken, Turkey, Pigeon, Duck. Duck → Causes cerebellar lesions.

124
Q

Which Eimeria species does not occur behind the small intestine?

A

 E. meleagridis

125
Q

Which turkey coccidium is at most forward?

A

E. meleagrimitis (jejunum, duodenum, ileum)

126
Q

The most pathogenic turkey coccidium?

A

E. adenoiedes
E. gallopavonis
E. meleagrimitis
(Not pathogenic – E. meleagridis)

127
Q

Which one is not found in turkey?

A

 E. duodenalis (found in Pheasant)

128
Q

What is the characteristic colour of necrotic debris during E. adenoeides coccidiosis? (?)

A

white

129
Q

Which one causes catarrhal haemorrhagic inflammation in Pheasant?

A

E. colchici

130
Q

Where does Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum develop?

A

Pigeon, middle of small intestine

131
Q

Eimeria labbeana. In which spp. and organ?

A

Pigeon – Small intestine

132
Q

Goose kidney coccidium?

A

E. truncata

133
Q

Eimeria kotlani is in which species?

A

Goose - Intestinal coccidiosis (also E. nocens, E. anseris)

134
Q

Which coccidia has 4 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites in each?

A

Wenyonella philiplevinei (coccidiosis of duck)

135
Q

How many Eimeria spp. does not cause haemorrhages in the small intestine?

A

 One – E. anatis no haemorrhages

Haemorrhages in Ducks (3) – Tyzzeria perniciosia, E. danailovi, Wenyonella philiplevinei

136
Q

Coccidiosis of Horse

A

E. leuckarti – Small intestine

137
Q

What characteristic lesion of Horse coccidiosis in small intestine?

A

Catarrhal-inflammatory changes

138
Q

Cause of Horse coccidiosis?

A

E. leuckarti

139
Q

What type of oocyst is E. leuckarti?

A

80 um, piriform, (thick, dark brown wall and large micropyle)

140
Q

Coccidiosis of Cattle

A
E. zuernii
E. bovis
E. ellipsoidalis 
E. alabamensis 
E. auburnensis
141
Q

Which Eimeria spp. is highly pathogenic in cattle?

A

E. zuernii

E. bovis

142
Q

Which Eimeria spp. is found in cattle?

A

E. bovis and E. zuernii are the most pathogenic in cattle

143
Q

Which Eimeria sp. may have a high pathogenicity similar to E. zuernii? (?)

A

E. alabamensis
According to notes, the following have similar pathogenicity in cattle:
E. zuernii – E. bovis (most)
Sinead Darmanin
E. alabamensis – E. aubernensis E. ellipsoidalis (least)

144
Q

Coccidiosis of Small Ruminants

A
Sheep:
E. ovinoidalis (most pathogenic)
E. bakuensis 
E. crandallis 
E. parva
E. ahsata
Goat:
E. ninakohlyakimovae (most pathogenic)
E. arloingi 
E. christenseni 
E. caprina
145
Q

Sheep Eimeria spp. and what it causes in the intestine:

A

E. ovinoidalis, E. crandallis, E. parva Diffuse hyper-plasia and thickening of the wall of the caecum (occasionally of the colon), with necrosis, roughness, and small haemorrhages on the mucosal surface.
E. baukuensis, (E. arloingi - Goat) Greyish-white, flat/protuberant hyper-plastic nodules. Occasionally 4-7 mm polyp-like growths (enlarged villi) in the posterior small intestine: Nest of gamonts, many oocysts.

146
Q

Which Eimeria species occurs in Goat?

A

E. ninakohlyakimovae (occurs extra-intestinally)

147
Q

Coccidiosis of Rabbit – Liver Coccidiosis

A

E. stiedai

148
Q

Which of the highly pathogenic Eimeria species is in right location?

A

E. flavescens in caecum

149
Q

Which of the following is correct?

A

E. irresidua – Jejunum

150
Q

Rabbit coccidiosis:

A
Small intestine x3: 
E. intestinalis 
E. magna 
E. irresidua
Large intestine x2 
E. flavescens
E. piriformis
151
Q

Coccidiosis of the Pig

A

E. deblicki E. polita E. scabra E. spinosa (non-pathogenic) Isospora suis (pathogenic)

152
Q

What is not characteristic during Pig coccidiosis?

A

 Haemorrhagic enteritis

153
Q

Where are the lesions caused by Isospora suis mostly situated?

A

Jejunum

154
Q

Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts?

A

Isospora
Sporulated Isospora oocysts contain 2 sporocysts, and 4 sporozoites in each, with a wall without micropyle, containing neither oocyst residual body nor Stieda body

155
Q

Coccidiosis of Carnivores

A
Dog:
Isospora canis 
I. ohioensis 
I. burrowsi 
Cat: 
Isospora felis
I. rivolta
156
Q

Difference between Isospora and Eimeria?

A

Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle, and residual bodies.

157
Q

Difference between Neospora and Isospora?

A

Isospora do not have microcpyle in wall. Isospora oocysts do not have residual or stieda body.

158
Q

If Eimeria oocysts are recognised in Dog faeces, then: (?)

A

Belong to dogs as hosts, no pathological significance Pseudoparasites

159
Q

If Dog passes Eimeria in faeces (are detectable):

A

Not diagnostic

Since in carnivores:- Healthy animal may also shed oocysts.

160
Q

Dog coccidiosis:

A

Host specific, homoxenous parasites (with paratenic host only!)

161
Q

Which species does not have Eimeria spp.?

A

 Carnivores (have Isospora spp.)

162
Q

Locations of Cryptosporidium spp.:

A

C. parvum - Small intestine (ileum) - Ruminants, rodents, humans
C. muris - Abomasum /
Stomach (primates) - Rodents, rabbits, ruminants, carnivores, humans
C. andersoni - Abomasum / Stomach - Ruminants, humans

163
Q

Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 4 free sporozoites?

A

Cryptosporidium

164
Q

Which genus has sporulated oocysts without sporocysts?

A

Cryptosporidium

165
Q

Size of Cryptosporidiosis oocyst?

A

5-6 (-8 inc. mammalian) Mammalian 5-8 um

166
Q

What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts?

A

6-7um, oval

167
Q

Crpyosporidium infection:

A

Per os infection. Mainly with water (water-borne). Aerogen via coughing, dust, or spray.

168
Q

Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in mammals?

A

C. parvum (due to apoptosis)

169
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum more likely in:

A

Immunocompromised animals (opportunism) Giardia (concurrent infection)

170
Q

Cryptosporidium andersoni in:

A

Gastric glands of bovine abomasum. Older calves.

171
Q

Which Cryptosporidium sp./spp. occur(s) frequently in post-weaned or older calves? (MCQ)

A

C. bovis
C. ryanae
C. andersoni

172
Q

Which is not characteristic of Avian cryptosporidiosis?

A

 Hepatic

Characteristic: Respiratory, intestinal, renal

173
Q

Cryptosporidium baileyi not in: (location and host)

A

True: In chicken (location depends on route of infection)

174
Q

In which location will Cryptosporidium baileyi not establish?

A

 Stomach

175
Q

Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in Broilers?

A

Respiratory form

176
Q

In which host does Toxoplasmosis play a large role in abortion?

A

Sheep (In mid-gestation)

Also small ruminants, humans. Sometimes pigs.

177
Q

Hammondia hammondii is similar to:

A

Toxoplasma gondii

178
Q

Which are the routes of infection of Toxoplasma?

A

Oral – Via meat containing cysts / sporulated oocysts Galactogenic
Trans-placental
Parenteral

179
Q

What kind of meat do humans get Toxoplasma from?

A

Venison, lamb, and pork mainly. Undercooked meat like deer, pork and lamb.

180
Q

How do humans get Toxoplasma?

A

Soil work, unwashed vegetables, oocyst in water, contact with cats.

181
Q

Difference between Neospora and Isospora?

A

Isospora do not have microcpyle in wall. Isospora oocysts do not have residual or stieda body.

182
Q

What are potential consequences of Neosporosis in dogs? MCQ

A

(Neospora is a form of paralysis in dogs, and abortion in cattle) Poly-radiculo-neuritis (ascending form of hind-limb paralysis) Dysphagia
Dermatitis (generalized form is a disseminated form with pol- or pyogranumatous-ulcerative dermatitis)

183
Q

Neospora caninum of dogs causes: (final and intermediate host)

A

Poly-radiculo-neurits

184
Q

When does Neospora caninum cause abortion?

A

Cows – Abortion between 3rd-7th month of gestation (early foetal death may entail resorption, later
causes mummification, autolysis)
Due to tachyzoites (parasitaemia) of the mother. Neospora is a cause of paralysis in dog and abortion in cattle.

185
Q

What is the characteristic gestation period of Neosporosis related abortion in cows? (intermediate host)

A

4-6 months

186
Q

Neospora hughesi causes:

A

Equine protozoal myelmoencephalitis (EPM)

187
Q

Who does Hammondiosis affect?

A

Final Host: Dog, fox, coyote (H. heydorni and H. triffittae in canids) , cat (H. hammondi) (Carnivores)
Intermediate Host: Ruminants, guinea pigs, mice, deer dogs (Prey species)

188
Q

Clinical signs of Hammondia spp.:

A

H. hammondi - Only in intermediate host. Depression, anorexia, myocarditis, death in mouse, rat. Final host no symptoms.
H. heydorni - No clinical signs.

189
Q

To whom are Hammondia spp. closely related genetically?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

190
Q

Hammondiosis causes symptoms in what?

A

Cat, Dog

Usually sub-clinical in cats. H. heydorni can cause diarrhoea in immuno-compromised dogs.

191
Q

Which species shed Hammondi cysts?

A

Cats only, via faeces.

192
Q

Which species is related to pathological signs in Hammondia?

A

Mouse – Depression, anorexia, myositis, myocarditis, death.

193
Q

Besnoitia species are:

A

Obligatory hetero-xenous (the majority obligatory)

194
Q

Size of besnoitia cyst?

A

3- 800 um, visible to the naked eye

195
Q

What is the direction of spreading bovine Besnoitiosis in Europe?

A

South-west to east

196
Q

Besnoitia vector:

A

Tabanus, Stomoxys (blood-sucking insects transmit mechanically the cystozoites = hetero-xenous)

197
Q

Where does the Besnoitia cyst occur?

A

Sclera. Pathognomic. Cysts occur in the sclera (pathognomic), respiratory muscles, genital mucosa.
Endothelium (cystozoites, surrounded by connective tissue reaction). Sclera-derma stage: Dermis, sub-cutaneous tissue (also in the cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, mucosa of respiratory and genital organs, serosal surfaces).

198
Q

Which statement is not true for Besnoitia besnoiti?

A

 It ́s most important intermediate host is the cat. (Intermediate host is cattle, wild ruminants). True: It can be transmitted by vectors. The cyst is visible to the naked eye. Develops in the endothel.

199
Q

Which domestic animals have zoonotic Sarcocystis sp./spp.?

A

Pig, cattle

Pig – S. suihominis Cattle – S. hominis

200
Q

Ruminants Sarcocystiosis pathogenesis:

A

Dalmeny disease – General haemorrhages diathesis (petechial and diffuse haemorrhages everywhere)

201
Q

Haemogregarines characteristics:

A

Micro- and macro-gamonts develop next to each other

202
Q

In Klossiella there is:

A

Free sporocyst to discharge via urine. Sporocyst with 10-15 sporozoites in it.

203
Q

Which animal is pathogenically affected by Klosseliosis?

A

Horse (K. equi) and Mouse (K. muris)

204
Q

Hepatozoon host:

A

Dog, fox, jackal, (cat)

205
Q

True for hepatozoon:

A

Oocyst develops in ticks

Biological vectors – Hard ticks mainly Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. turanicus, Amblyomma maculatum

206
Q

Hepatozoon americanum develops in which tissue?

A

In muscles (myocardium!)

207
Q

Specific for Hepatozoon americanum:

A

Schizonts with mutli-lamellar wall (onion-like)

208
Q

What is the last developmental stage in Hepatozoon canis of dog?

A

Gamont (appear in the blood 5 weeks PI)

209
Q

Location of Hepatozoon canis:

A

Neutrophils, granulocytes, WBCs

210
Q

What is characteristic of Hepatozoon canis oocysts?

A

Very large, visible to the naked eye (0.3 – 1 mm)

211
Q

Which infective form in tick of Hepatozoon canis?

A

Oocyst

212
Q

How can canine Hepatozoonosis be diagnosed?

A

Finding gamonts in the blood (Elliptic gamonts in WBCs; mainly neutrophil granulocytes)

213
Q

Haemosporinids

A

Hetero-xenous parasites. Fertilized zygote is motile. No sporocyst, conoid.

214
Q

Plasmodiosis (Malaria)

Which malaria is crescent shaped?

A

Malaria falciparum – Its gametocytes have a crescent or banana shape.

215
Q

Which stage is missing in Plasmodium?

A

 No syzygium nor sporocyst

216
Q

Plasmodium doesn’t have this?

A

 Sporocyst

217
Q

What cells are infected with Plasmodium?

A

MPS, RBC, lymphocytes, and liver.

218
Q

In Plasmodium species, where does the primer exo-erythrocytic schizogony take place?

A

Mammals – Liver parenchyma cells

Birds – MPS of skin, then of various organs

219
Q

Followed by endo-erythrocytic merogony in:

A

RBCs, within PV, continuing repeatedly and synchronising.

220
Q

Which Plasmodium causes the appearance of Schüffner dots in red blood cells?

A

P. ovale and P. vivax

221
Q

Which Plasmodium species is not pathogenic to humans?

A

 P. simium

Humans – P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale

222
Q

What is the most important biological vector of Plasmodium gallinaceum (chicken)?

A

Culex/Aedes mosquitoes – For birds

Anopheles mosquitoes – For mammals

223
Q

Which isn’t a characteristic of Haemoproteosis?

A

 Lung emphysema

Characteristic: Lung oedema, haemorrhages on the heart, megalo-schizonts in heart

224
Q

Where does Haemoproetus develop?

A

Development in the vector for 1-2 weeks

225
Q

Vectors of Haemoproteus spp.?

A
Biological vectors
Forest flies (Hippoboscidae spp.) 
Biting midges (Culicoides spp.)
226
Q

Where does the first schizogony of Haemoproteus spp. take place?

A

In endothelial cells

227
Q

Haemoproteus can be detected:

A

Pigmented gamonts in RBCs (sausage-like, next to…then encircling the nucleus)

228
Q

Which is correct for Haemoproteus?

A

Sausage-shaped gamont inside RBCs

Sausage-like in RBCs next to the nucleus (since Haemoproteus spp. are bird protozoa, and their RBCs have a nucleus)

229
Q

Which Leucocytozoon species occurs in chicken?

A

L. caulleryi

230
Q

Which are the vectors of Leucocytozoon species?

A

Biological vectors:
Blackflies (Simulidae)
Biting midges (Culicoides spp.)

231
Q

Leucocytozoon first schizogony takes place where?

A

In liver parenchymal cells (spleen and other organs, depending on spp.)

232
Q

Which is absent from the lifecycle of Leucocytozoon species?

A

 Sporokinete

233
Q

Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. don’t usually cause any haemorrhage, necrosis?

A

 Mucous membranes

Cause haemorrhages, necrosis in: Lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, ovary, oviduct, and muscles.

234
Q

Piroplasmosis

A

Piroplasmosis characteristics:
Heteoxenous parasites
No oocyst, conoid (together with Haemosporinids called ‘Aconidasida’)

235
Q

Breed predisposition to Babesia in Dogs:

A

Spaniel
Also Doberman, Pekingese, Yorkshire terrier, Irish setter. More resistant – Beagle, Fox terrier
Sub-clinical – German shepherds

236
Q

Transmission of Babesia:

A

Via ticks

237
Q

Which ticks are vector of large Babesia spp?

A

Eq: Dermancentor marginatus
Bo: Boophilus spp. + Haemaphysalis punctuata
Ca: Dermacentor reticularis

238
Q

Babesia canis transmitted by Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus?

A

False – D. reticularis only

239
Q

Which genus/ genera include(s) tick sp./spp. that is/are vectors of large babesiosis? MCQ

A

Haemaphysalis

Dermacentor

240
Q

What transmits horse Babesia?

A

B. caballi’s vector is Dermacentor marginatus

241
Q

Mode of Babesia transmission:

A

Trans-ovarial (Female) Trans-stadial Intra-stadial (Male)

242
Q

Which is the vector of the zoonotic European Babesiosis?

A

Ixodes ricinus

Zoonotic babesia = B. divergans = Ixodes ricinus (Babesia vector)

243
Q

Can humans get Babesia from dogs?

A

False

244
Q

Babesia incubation period:

A

4-21 days

245
Q

What is the incubation period of canine Babesiosis?

A

5-20 days

246
Q

Form of Theileria that occurs in RBCs?

A

Piroplasm

n.b. Both Theileria and Babesia have piroplasms (merozoite form in the shape of Maltese cross)

247
Q

What is not characteristic of equine Theileriosis? (Theileria equi, formerly Babesia equi)

A

 Do not see neurological signs.

See haemoglobinuria, haemorrhages, melena, pre-natal infection.

248
Q

Which Theileria spp. is pathogenic?

A

Theileria equi (Horse) Theleria annulata (Cattle)

249
Q

Which is not in South America?

A

Theliera parva (in East Africa) and Babesia microti (in North America, Europe)

250
Q

Which Theileria sp. spp. is/are pathogenic?

A
T. equi 
T. parva 
T. lawrencei 
T. annulata 
T. hirei
251
Q

First schizogony of Cytauxzoon felis occurs in:

A

MPS cells (RES, mostly macrophages)

252
Q

Vectors of Cytauxzoonosis?

A

Dermacentor variabilis Amblyomma americanum

253
Q

Which genus does the vector of Cytauxzoon felis belong to?

A

Amblyomma

254
Q

What is primarily responsible for the pathogenic effect of Cytauxzoon felis?

A

Occlusion of blood vessels by schizonts

255
Q

Balantidium coli:

A

Vegetative form 50-150 um (ovoid, vestibulum, cytostome) Cyst 40-60 um (spherical, thick-walled)
(related spp. Buxtonella sulcate; cattle)

256
Q

What is Blastocytosis similar to?

A

Genetic diversity in Blastocystosis hominis similar to Cryptosporidium genus.

257
Q

How does Blastocysta infect?

A

Opportunistic parasite in humans, in case of diet change that influences the gut flora. Non-invasive. Infection – Faecal-oral route, or waterborne.

258
Q

What is the smallest in Blastocysta?

A

Cyst (3-6 um)

Vacuolar form 2-200 um

259
Q

Into which larger taxonomical category do Blastocystis spp. belong to?

A

Stramenophila protist

260
Q

Which is in Alveolate group?

A

Meaning ‘with cavities’. Group of protists. Ciliates, Apicomplexa, etc.

261
Q

Alveolata is related to:

A

Apicomplexan parasites

262
Q

Microspora

A

Homo-xenous, obligatory intra-cellular parasites (no mitochondria)
In the spore: One polar body, spiral duct and sproplasm
Genera: Encephalitzoon, Enterocytozoon (hu), Nosema (bee)

263
Q

What is the approximate size of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores?

A

2um (1.5-2 um)

264
Q

In what can Encephalitozoon spores be found? MCQ

A

Urine
Renal tubular cells
Kidney
Brain

265
Q

Staining Encephalitozoon cuniculi:

A

Ziehl Nielsen

India ink

266
Q

It is more a fox symptom than a dog in case of Encephalitozoonosis:

A

thickened arterial wall, smaller diameter

267
Q

Which clinical sign is not characteristic of Encephalitozoonosis?

A

 Posterior paralysis

Effects kidney and brain. See neurological, ocular, and renal signs.

268
Q

What is characteristic effect of the pathology of Encephalitozoonosis?

A

Chronic interstitial nephritis

269
Q

How can infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi be aquired?

A

Prenatally

Horizontal via urine, prey animals, water OR Vetrical trans-placental

270
Q

Representatives of which orders are primarily affected by Encephalitozoon cuniculi?

A

Lagomorpha, Carnivora