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Parasitology > Protozoa - Flagellates > Flashcards

Protozoa - Flagellates Flashcards

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1
Q

Flagellate cyst

A

Transmissive stage

Comes from asexual reproduction

Is a vegetative form resistant to unfavourable environment conditions outside of the host

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2
Q

Flagellate trophozoite

A

Parasitic stage

  • active, feeding and motile
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3
Q

Flagellate Promastigote

A

Has a single anterior flagellum

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4
Q

Flagellate Amastigote

A

non-flagellated intracellular stage

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5
Q

Where does replication of Giardia occur?

A

In the intestine -> diarrhoea

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6
Q

How Giardia causes diarrhoea?

A

Disrupts absorption of nutrients -> malabsorption

  • causes immune response
  • extracellular parasite - sits on top of the hosts cells and absorbs glucose from the host
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7
Q

Significance of Giardia

A

Malabsorption and diarrhoea -> reduced growth and reduced cognitive development

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8
Q

Wheres vets come across Giardia?

A

In high populations desities - kennels

Day care centre

Farms (intensive)

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9
Q

Giardia zoonosis?

A

In waterborne outbreaks - Giardia cysts more susceptible to chlorination than Cryptosporidium oocysts

particularly from cattle

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10
Q

Lifecycle of Giardia

A

Cyst shed in faeces -> 24-48 hr for trophozoite to mature -> ingested -> into stomach -> pH changes, CO2 stimulates hatching -> trophozoite ready to go with flagella (suction cup to hold onto intestinal wall) -> asexual replication -> pushed further down GI tract OR immune system attacks it -> encystation process -> forms a cyst -> passed in faeces

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11
Q

Pathogenesis of Giardia

A

Villous atrophy and malabsorption via sheer bulk of numbers

immune response is to completely flush out GI tract -> Gi tract also loses mucous layer

-> IBS post Giardia

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12
Q

Clinical presentation with Giardia

A

Acute/chronic diarrhoea

flatulence

vomiting

Bali belly

OR asymptomatic

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13
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia

A

Faecal smear -> look for cysts

In acute stage may see trophozoite with 2 nuclei and a central spine

  • Zinc sulphate floatation of cysts
  • Giardia SNAP (cysts shedding is intermittent so may need to take a few samples over time)
  • ELISA
  • PCR
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14
Q

What is this?

A

Giardia cyst

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15
Q

Treatment of Giardia

A

Supportive care

Metronidazole (resistance) needs multiple doses for 5-7 days (can cause encephalopathy)

  • Febantel for 3 days
  • Fenbendazole for 5 days
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16
Q

Control of Giradia

A

Hygiene, reduce overcrowding and stress

  • wash diarrhoea with ammonia
  • wash bedding in hot soapy water - dry in sunlight
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17
Q

Trichomonads features

A

Faecal-oral transmission (fresh faeces)

Can be transmitted during sex

No cysts! Trophozoites only

Single nucleus

3-6 anterior fagella with one that forms undulating membrane

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18
Q

Bovine - Tritrichomonas foetus significance

Transmission?

Epidemiology?

A

Infertility and reduced pregnancy

  • sexually transmitted through preseminal fluid (no transmission by AI)
  • Bulls are asymptomatic carriers - survives in folds of penis
  • extensive cattle farms (North QLD) with uncontrolled mating
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19
Q

Tritrichomonas blagurni infects what species?

A

Feline

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20
Q

Significance of Tritrichonomas blagburni

A
  • Large bowl disease with chronic diarrhoea
  • outbreaks in catteries
  • asymptomatic carriers with chronnic shedding
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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Diagnosis of felin tritrichonomas

A

Fresh faecal smear and look for motile trophozoite

Faecal culture - grow trophozoites in anaerobic bag

PCR

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23
Q

Treatment of feline tritrichomoniasis

A
  • off label use of ronidazole (30mg/kg) once daily for 14 days
  • borad spectrum antibiotic -> use probiotic after treatment
  • beware of neurotoxicity
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24
Q

Bovine tritrichomonas replication?

A

Uterine mucosa and causes infertility by disrupting the uterine membrane

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25
Tritrichomonas foetus presentation in a cow
mild vaginitis +- discharge, metritis, salpingitis - embryonic death and absorption -\> return to service - early foetus abortion - retained foetus -\> pyometra - abnormal calving - cow susceptible to repeat infection with poor immunity
26
Diagnosis of bovine tritrichomonas
Bull sheath wash sample - once a week (3 neg in succession after last service - Cow cervical wash following abortion - direct microscopy - Culture - PCR
27
Control of Bovine Tritrichomoniasis
- Test and cull bulls - Replacement virgin heifers and bulls - test bulls before coming in - good fencing - Vaccine reduces severity of infection in cows
28
Avian Trichomonas causes
Canker in pigeons Frounce in falcons
29
Causes of trichomoniasis in birds
Trichomonas gallinae
30
Site of Trichomonas gallinae
Upper digestive tract nasal cavity -\> resp tract
31
Transmission of Trichomonas gallinae Epidemiology
- through feeding of young - contaminated drinking water Pigeons are asymptomatic carriers Young, immuncompromised birds susceptible (poor hygiene, overcrowding and stress all factors)
32
Presentation of trichomonas is birds
SQUABS Stop feeding and lose weight, ruffled and dull, dyspnoea, difficulty swallowing - circumscribed caseous plaques on oro-pharynx, oesophagus, crop, proventriculus. Ca form ulcers and abcesses - can be localised or systemic
33
Diagnosis of trichomonas in birds
- detect trichomonads - scrape/crop fluch - Microscopy - PCR - culture
34
Treatment of trichomonas in birds
- Surgical removal of caseous material - Quarantine - Ronidazole, metronidazole - eliminate carries
35
Cause of enterohepatitis or Blackhead
Histomonas melaegridis + E. coli
36
Histomonas melaegridis is most pathogenic in which species?
TURKEYS\>\>\>\> chickens \>\> pheasants, ducks and geese
37
Outbreaks of M. melaegridis mortality and morbidity rate
80-100%
38
Difference of H. meleagridis to Eimeria in birds
- this spreads out of the GI system and up the bile duct and into the liver -\> target lesions
39
Lifecycle of H. meleagridis
no cyst stage Have amastigote that go into the Heterakis worm and passed in the Heterakis egg in the faeces -\> egg ingested by paretenic hosts (earthworm) -\> bird eats the worm -\> infected with Heterakis and Histomonas trophozoites-\> replicates in caecum and intestine -\> up bile duct -\> goes between the liver cells and replicates here to-\> causing destruction
40
Presentation of Histomonas is Turkeys
- yellow diarrhoea - Necrotising typhlitis - thinkening and caseous exudate on caeca +- peritonitis Target lesions in liver - maybe also spleen and lungs
41
Diagnosis of Histomonas
- Necropsy - lesions on liver and caecal infection - lesion scraping / microscopy Look for trophozoites feeding outside of the cells (to differentiate from Eimeria where you look for intracellular replicating stages) - Lesions on histopath
42
Control of Histomonas
Control the Nematodes (Heterakis) Separate chickens and turkeys Turkeys do cloacal drinking where they squat over another birds faeces and and suck it up their cloaca. Spread the disease. - quarantine - Management (high stocking density they pass to each other via cloacal sucking (so clean up faeces) but in extensive system have worms -\> control worms) - strict biosecurity - No registered drug. Only use Nitroimidazoles eg ronidazole if not being used for food production
43
What is a Trypomastigote?
- motile, extracellular, flagellum attached via undulating membrane. Kinetoplast posterior to nucleus
44
What is the Amastogote?
Kinetoplastid stage that is intracellular, has no flagella, has asexual binary fission. Kinetoplast anterior to nucleus
45
What is the Epimastigote
extracellular, motile. Kinetoplast centrally located just anterior to nucleus, flagellum
46
What is a promastigote?
Extracellular motile. Kinetoplast anterior to nucleus, flagellum
47
Trypanosoma Features
Not in Aus Old world - African sleeping sickness (anaemia-\>chronic fatigue) New world - Chagas disease 100s of millions of people infected
48
Trypanosomiasis 3 Groups disease caused and vector/transmission
Salivaria (sleeping sickness: Tsetse fly) Stercoraria (chagas disease: Triatoma) Mechanica (Dourine via coitus)
49
Salivaria pathogenesis
Replicate in blood -\> anaemia feeding intercellularly on the serum Taking glucose from the bloodstream Systemic disease, fever, lethargy - wasting and organ failure
50
Pathogenesis of Stercoraria
Transmitted in the faeces of the vector. Tratoma come out at night and bite the corners of peoples eyes and feed on blood and are also daefecating into to eye -\> inflammation (intracellular)
51
Mechanica pathogenesis
Sexually transmited
52
Important Trypanosomes
T. brucei brucei (domestic animals) T. brucei rhodesiense (humans) T. b gambiense (humans + pigs) T. evansi (bovine, equine, camels, dogs)
53
54
Salivary tryanosomiasis life cycle
55
African trypanosomiasia features
Sleeping sickness in humans Tse tse fly increased decreased 70% causes Nagana in animals
56
Presentation of Salivarian trypanosomiasis in animals
- fever - can evade immune system by changing its surface antigens - lymph node enlargement - splenomegaly - anaemia and lethargy - oedema - wasting - starvation of glucose Neurological due to sugar starvation
57
Diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis
Blood smear - see spindly flagella tail and wavy curtain with dark staining nucleus smear of CSF - agglutination tests - ELISA - PCR
58
Treatment of salivarian trypanosomiasis
Humans: Pentamidine Nifurtimox and eflornithine Melarsoprol (arsenic - 10% die from the drug) Animals: Diminazine, Homidium bromide
59
Control of salivary trypanosomiasis
Release of sterile males Trypano-tolarant cattle Test and treat Drugs
60
Stercoraria trypanosomiases life cycle
In blood and into muscles as amastogote still - replicating (in heart muscle)
61
Trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease) problems
Have affinity for cardiac muscle -\> heart failure Hard to get to to treat
62
Leishmania epidemiology
- not endemic in Aus - Mediterranean region affects humans and animals 100s of millions infected
63
Three main forms of leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Muci-cutaneous Visceral (hepato-splenomegaly, anaemia, oedema)
64
Lifecycle of Leishmania
Replicate in white blood cells. Which cause WBCs to rupture -\> massive inflammation.
65
Leishmania species
Many many species Old and new world species L. infantum (dogs) L. donovani L. major
66
Features of visceral leishmaniasis
Healthy person: asymptomatic or mild infections Young, old or immunocompromised: 85% fatality rate withour treatment 0-50% with treatment Replication in and around the viscera. Mostly white blood cells. - \> fever, hepato-splenomegaly and pancytopenia - liver failure, bleeding, anaemia, secondary infections
67
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Localised nodulo-ulcerative lesion - 1.5 mill new cases annually - if left untreated may become diffuse with invasion of mucosa and cartilages
68
Infantile leishmaniasis
Leishmania infantum Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniosis. Dogs are primary reservoir but it is zoonotic - non specific dermatitis - signs of visceraldisease
69
Leishmania diagnosis
Blood smear-amastigotes in WBCs lymph node aspiration impression smear of lesion PCR Serology
70
Control of leishmania
Vector and reservoir control - repellents - Commercial canine vaccines (80% efficacious) Hard to treat dogs - Drugs need lots of doses. Drugs are nasty Antimonials. all you are doing in decreasing the clinical signs

Parasitology (30 decks)

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