Protozoans Flashcards
1
Q
Diagnosis for N.fowleri
A
- Presence of trophozoites in CSF
- PCR
- Culture
2
Q
Pseudopod-forming and non-flagellated protozoan parasite:
A
Entamoeba histolytica
3
Q
Small, spiny filaments for locomotion
A
Acanthopodia
4
Q
Protozoans belong to this Phylum and Kingdom
A
Phylum - Protozoa
Kingdom - Protista
5
Q
Distinguished from E.histolytica by PCR
A
Entamoeba dispar
6
Q
E.coli or E.histolytica
Splinter-like chromatoidal bodies, iodine staining reveals dark-staining, perinuclear masses, which are actually glycogen
A
E.coli
7
Q
Disease caused by Naegleria fowleri
A
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
8
Q
E.coli or E.histolytica
more sluggish, unidirected movements
A
E.coli
9
Q
They are motile and cannot encyst if excreted from the vody:
A
E. histolytica trophozoites
10
Q
E.coli or E.histolytica
Broader and blunter pseudopodia used more for feeding than locomotion
A
E.coli
11
Q
2 forms of N.fowleri trophozoite:
A
- Ameboid (found in humans)
- Ameboflagellates (jerky motility)
12
Q
True or False
Cyst of N.fowleri is multi-nucleated with rounded chromatoidal bars
A
False
They are uninucleated
13
Q
Cyst and Trophozoite of this parasite possess 2 nuclei
A
Sappinia spp.
14
Q
Treatment for Entamoeba histolytica:
A
Metronidazole
15
Q
Reproduction of Amoeba:
A
Binary fission
16
Q
The cytoplasm of this trophozoite has bacteria and undigested food
A
Entamoeba coli trophozoite
17
Q
Treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK)
A
- Surgical excision of the infected area
- Deep Lamellar Keratectomy: superficial
- Clotrimazole combined with Pentamidine, Isethionate, and Neosporin
18
Q
Classified as free-livinf amoeba (rarely infect humans)
A
Entamoeba moshkovskii
19
Q
Brain-eating amoeba
A
Naegleria fowleri
20
Q
Vegetative forms of N.fowleri
A
- Ameba (trophozoite form)
- Flagellate (swimming form)
21
Q
They are unicellular organisms without tissues and organs
A
Protozoans
22
Q
Thermophilic organism (up to 30 deg celsius)
A
Naegleria fowleri
23
Q
Locomotory organelle which also help in food capturing:
A
Pseudopodia
24
Q
Naegleria fowleri multiplies through:
A
Promitosis (intracellular mitosis)
25
Parasite isolated from soil and dust
Balamuthia mandrillaris
26
Has iodine cyst and a large glycogen vacuole/body which stains deeply with iodine, uninucleated
Iodamoeba butschlii
27
Free-living Pathogenic Amoeba:
*Naegleria fowleri
*Acanthamoeba spp.
28
Protozoa came from these Greek words
Protos - first
Zoon - animals
29
True or false:
Trophozoites of E. histolytica are resistant acidic pH
False - Cysts are resistant to acidic pH, not Trophozoites
30
Infective stage of Acanthamoeba spp.
Trophozoite
31
"Thorn-like" appendages
Acanthopodia
32
Most pathogenic Amoeba:
Entamoeba histolytica
33
E. coli or E. histolytica:
More vacuolated or granular endoplasm with BACTERIA and DEBRIS, but NO RED BLOOD CELLS
E. coli
34
Formed during the initial stage of Encystment and appear as an AMORPHOUS, DISCONTINUOUS LAYER
Ectocyst
35
# E.coli or E.histolytica
Thicker, irregular peripheral chromatin with a large, eccentric karyosome in the nucleus
E.coli
36
True or false:
E. histolytica has centrally located karyosome
True
37
True or False:
Entamoeba dispar is the only member of the family "Entamoebidae" to cause colitis
False - Entamoeba histolytica is the only member of the family "Entamoebidae" to cause colitis
38
# True or False
E.coli is smaller than E.histolytica
False
| E.coli (10-35 um) is larger than E. histolytica (10-20 um)
39
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Prodromal fever and malaise common
Bacillary Dysentery
40
# True or False
The trophozoite of N.fowleri has granular cytoplasm and contains many vacuoles
True
41
E.coli or E.histolytica
Narrower, less-differentioated ectoplasm
E.coli
42
They are minute, generally microscopic and eukaryotic organisms:
Protozoans
43
Parasites under Phylum Apicomplexa:
Sporozoa:
* Plasmodium spp.
* Babesia spp.
44
They can be free-living, parasitic, or symbiotic in nature.
Protozoans
45
# True or False
Cyst of N.fowleri does not form in human tissue
True
46
Activated T-cells kill E.histolytica by:
* directly lysing trophozoites
* producing cytokines (activate macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils
* providing helper effect for B-cell antibody production
47
Smallest protozoa
Endolimax nana
48
# True or False
Trophozoite of N.fowleri cannot turn into temporary non-feeding flagellated forms
False
| They CAN turn into temporary non-feeding flagellated forms
49
Inner granular portion of the Cytoplasm body
Endoplasm
50
51
This commensal amoeba exists in TROPHOZOITE STAGE ONLY
Entamoeba gingivalis
52
# True or False
Cyst of N.fowleri have a smooth, double-layered wall
False
| Cyst of N.fowleri is SINGLE-LAYERED
53
Protoplasm is differentiated into:
Ectoplasm and Endoplasm
54
Symptoms:
* severe ocular pain and blurring of vision
* Corneal ulceration with progressive corneal infiltration
* may lead to hypopyon formation
* Progression of infection may cause scleritis and iritis, and may
ultimately lead to vision loss
Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK)
55
This trophozoites has a centrally located karyosome and long and finger-like pseudopodia
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite
56
Mode of Transmission for Acanthamoeba spp.
Eye, nasal passages, ulcerated or broken skin
57
Considered a true pathogen
Naegleria fowleri
58
3 stages of N.fowleri
1. Cyst stage
2. Trophozoite stage
3. Flagellated stage
59
They may adopt in a different host and transfer themselves passively in the cystic stage
Monogenetic Protozoa
60
Characterized by an active trophozoite stage with characteristic prominent "Thorn-like" appendages
Acanthamoeba spp. (A.castellani)
61
Size of E. histolytica cyst
10-20 um
62
True or False:
Protozoans generally multiply sexually.
False - they generally multiply ASEXUALLY
63
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Bloody diarrhea
Amebic Dysentery
64
Has 3 layered cystic walls (visible through electron microscope)
Balamuthia mandrillaris
65
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Seldom epidemic
Amebic Dysentery
66
This parasite's cyst has 1-8 nuclei and has a Broomstick-like Chromatoidal bodies
Entamoeba coli
67
Their cysts are quadrinucleated with coarse cytoplasm; immature cyst has chromatoidal bars
Entamoeba hartmanni
68
2 parts of the Cytoplasm body:
Ectoplasm and Endoplasm
69
Mode of reproduction of Protozoans:
Binary or Multiple fission, Budding
70
Mode of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica:
Ingestion of food/water with cyst
71
Examples of Digenetic Protozoa:
Leishmania, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma spp. (LPT)
72
Specimen for Acanthamoeba spp.
* Discharges
* Exudates
* Tissue secretions
* Epithelial biopsy
* Corneal scrapings
73
Isolated in the feces of many animals, including mammals and reptiles
Sappinia spp.
74
Morphologically similar with E.histolytica but with a different genome
Entamoeba dispar
75
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Charcot-leyden crystals present
Amebic Dysentery
76
Feeding and vegetative stage of Entamoeba histolytica:
Trophozoites
77
CSF: ELEVATED WBC WITH NEUTROPHILIC PREDOMINANCE; HIGH PROTEIN AND LOW GLUCOSE
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
78
Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba spp.
* Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
* Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK)
79
Morphologically similar to E.histolytica and E.dispar
Entamoeba moshkovskii
80
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Fishy odor stool
Amebic Dysentery
81
Treatment for N.fowleri
Amphotericin B in combination with Clotrimazole
82
2 stages of E. histolytica:
Cyst stage (infective) and Trophozoite stage
83
Infective stage of Balamuthia
Trophozoite
84
Cytoplasm: ingests RBC
E. histolytica trophozoite
85
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Spontaneous recovery, no relapse
Bacillary Dysentery
86
Has rounded ends, sausage-shaped chromatoidal bodies
E. histolytica cyst
87
Resilient and difficult to treat
Acanthamoeba spp. cyst
88
Distinguished from E.histolytica by cyst
Entamoeba polecki
89
This trophozoite has progressive and directional locomotion
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite
90
This trophozoite has non-progressive and sluggish locomotion
Entamoeba coli trophozoite
91
How many layers of B.mandrillaris cyst are visible through light microscopy?
2 layers
92
They require TWO (2) hosts to complete their life cycle
Digenetic Protozoa
93
Survive in contact lens cleaning solutions
Acanthamoeba spp. (A.castellani)
94
Large irregular mass of chromatin occupying almost 1/2 diamter of karyosome
Endolimax nana
95
Specimen of choice for E. histolytica:
Stool
Formed - cyst
Diarrheic - trophozoites
96
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Lasts for weeks, dysentery returns
Amebic Dysentery
97
Cyst has 4 nuclei concentrated at one end "cross-eyed cyst"
Endolimax nana
98
Pathogenic Intestinal Amoeba:
Entamoeba histolytica
99
Singel nucleus is found in the:
Endoplasm or Ectoplasm
Endoplasm
100
True or False:
Parasitic protozoa perform asexual reproduction only in one host
False - Parasitic protozoa perform ASEXUAL and SEXUAL reproduction in DIFFERENT HOSTS (alternation of generation)
101
Morphologically similar to E.histolytica but smaller and has no RBC inclusion
Entamoeba hartmanni
102
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Tenesmus common
Bacillary Dysentery
103
Produced when conditions are not favorable
Dormant cyst (Naegleria fowleri)
104
This parasite's cyst has 1-4 nuclei and has Sausage/Cigar-shaped Chromatoidal bodies with rounded ends
Entamoeba histolytica
105
They require ONE host to complete their life cycle:
Monogenetic Protozoa
106
Acanthopodia spp. replicate by:
Mitosis
107
It is pseudopodia-long and finger-like
E. histolytica trophpzoite
108
Single large nucleus with a centrally-located, densely staining nucleolus
Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite
109
Parasite of pigs and monkeys; rarely infect humans
Entamoeba polecki
110
Mode of transmission for N.fowleri
Nasal, and Broken skin
111
Ubiquitous, free-living amoeba
Acanthamoeba spp.
112
Has progressive and directional movement:
E. histolytica trophozoite
113
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Odorless stool
Bacillary Dysentery
114
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Watery, bloody diarrhea
Bacillary Dysentery
115
Cysts are consistently uninucleated
Entamoeba polecki
116
This usually occurs to protect the cell from the unfavourable conditions, and it also helps in dispersal
Encystment
117
Non-feeding and infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica:
Cyst
118
They are non-motile and resistant to acidic pH
E. histolytica cyst
119
Double-walled, consisting of an Ectocyst and an Endocyst
Acanthamoeba spp. cyst
120
# True or False
Trophozoite of Balamuthia mandrillaris has finger-like pseudopodia
True
121
Most common Acanthamoeba spp.
Acanthamoeba castellani
122
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
May be epidemic
Bacillary Dysentery
123
Parasites under Phylum Sarcomastigophora:
Sarcodina:
* Amoeba
* Commensal Amoeba
Mastigophora:
* Atrial Flagellates
* Non Pathogenic Flagellates
* Blood and Tissue Flagellates
124
Mode of transmission for N. fowleri
Oral and intranasal routes while swimming in contaminated lakes, pools, rivers
125
Associated with the use of improperly disinfected soft contact lenses
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
126
# True or False
Single reported case of infection with Sappinia pedata in a human was identified in Brazil
False
| It was identified in Texas.
127
The cytoplasm of this trophozoite contains ingested RBCs
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite
128
Size of E. histolytica trophozoite:
12 - 60 um
129
How many nuclei are there in the cyst of E. histolytica?
1-4 nuclei
130
Has a fine granular texture, and is uniformly thicker
Endocyst
131
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Acute onset
Bacillary Dysentery
132
This commensal Amoeba is transmitted person-to-person orally by kissing or fomites and it resides in the oral cavity
Entamoeba gingivalis
133
True or False:
Body of amoeba is with pellicle, and has a fixed shape
False - Body of Amoeba is WITHOUT PELLICLE, and has NO FIXED SHAPE
134
Only member of the family "Entamoebidae" to cause colitis:
Entamoeba histolytica
135
Large endosome, finely granulated cytoplasm
Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite
136
Systemic manifestations early in the course include fever, malaise, andanorexia
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
137
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
No charcot-leyden crystals
Bacillary Dysentery
138
Pathogenesis of E. histolytica
Amoebic dysentery/diarrhea containing blood and mucus
139
Non-pathogenic (commensal) Amoeba: (8)
*Entamoeba coli
*Entamoeba dispar
*Emtamoeba hartmanni
*Entamoeba polecki
*Entamoeba gingivalis
*Entamoeba moshkovskii
*Endolimax nana
*Iodamoeba bütschlii
140
Neurologic symptoms may include increased sleeping time, severe
headache, mental status changes, epilepsy, and coma
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
141
Able to survive at temperature range of 0-41 deg Celsius and is Osmotolerant
Entamoeba moshkovskii
142
True or False:
Reproduction of Protozoans may switch to sexual method or undergo cystic change to its host
True
143
usually occurs in immunocompromised host, generally related to destruction of brain tissue and the associated meningeal irritation
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
144
Parasite under Phylum Ciliophora:
Ciliata:
* Balantidium coli
145
Formation of flask-shaped ulcers
Amoebic dysentery (E. histolytica)
146
This trophozoite has eccentric nucleus and short, blunt pseudopodia
Entamoeba coli trophozoite
147
Causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Naeleria fowleri
148
Used for locomotive, for protection, and sensory purposes:
Ectoplasm
149
Locomotory organelles of Protozoa;
Flagella, Cilia, or Pseudopodia
150
"Small race" Ameoba
Entamoeba hartmanni
151
Free living or endoparasite:
Amoebas
152
# Bacillary Dysentery or Amebic Dysentery
Gradual onset
Amebic Dysentery
153
Outer hyaline portion of the Cytoplasm body:
Ectoplasm
154
For nutritive and reproductive function:
Endoplasm
