Protozoology Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane?
A
- T. brucei brucei, T. congolense.
- T. vivax- inconspicuous undulating membrane.
2
Q
Stages of Trypanosoma spp. having undulating membrane:
A
Trypomastigote, Epimastigote.
3
Q
Which trypanosome stage is IC?
A
Amastigote.
4
Q
Which has flagellum, but ø undulating membrane?
A
Promastigote.
5
Q
Which does ø have flagellum?
A
Amastigote.
6
Q
Which phenotype of trypanosomes has kinetoplast ant. next to nucleus +also provided with short undulating membrane?
A
Epimastigote.
7
Q
Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?
A
WBCs, macrophages.
8
Q
Trypanosoma found in old + new world?
A
T. vivax.
9
Q
For how long does Trypanosoma have?
A
Many years.
10
Q
Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; which occur in South America?
A
Both.
11
Q
What is the size range of trypanosomes?
A
8 - 39 µm.
12
Q
Name of cutaneous inflammation after an infection/ infiltration with Trypanosoma.
A
Chancre.
13
Q
Nagana caused by:
A
Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense, T.brucei.
14
Q
Spp ø effected by Nagana:
A
Wild animals + certain breeds of cattle.
15
Q
Which is the largest among causative agents of Nagana?
A
T. brucei brucei.
16
Q
Which region of Africa does the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness ( T. rhodensiense) occur?
A
Eastern.
17
Q
Trypanosoma evansi causes:
A
Mal de caderas/ Surra.
18
Q
Surra is found where in the world ?
A
North Africa, Asia, Central + South America.
19
Q
The vector of T. brucei evansi plays a role as:
A
Mechanical vector.
20
Q
Mal de Caderas symptoms:
A
Oedema of limbs.
21
Q
Which animal has asymptomatic T. brucei evansi infection:
A
Cattle, H2O Sus.
22
Q
Trypanosoma cruzi causes:
A
Chagas disease.
23
Q
The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs?
A
- In mesenchymal cells.
24
Q
How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?
A
Eating bugs.
25
Which phenotype is ø characteristic of Trypanosoma cruzi?
Promastigote.
26
What is ø caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
Megalomania.
27
Which has the biggest kinetoplast/ soma from 4 Trypanosoma?
T. cruzi.
28
How can the kissing bugs inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?
With their faeces.
29
Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes:
Dourine.
30
Which trypanosoma sp. causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?
T. equiperdum.
31
Which sp. does causative agent of Dourine belong to?
T. brucei.
32
In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?
Uritricia.
33
Which ocular problem does Dourine ø cause?
Nystagmus, lachrymation, mydriasis.
34
Dourine has been found where in EU in last 10 yrs?
Italy.
35
What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?
- Paralysis, mainly in HL.
| - Genitals, skin, n.
36
Which of the following is detected by Giemsa staining of blood smear?
Theileria, Trypanosoma.
37
What type of biological vector does Salivaria- type Trypanosoma have?
- Biological: Glossina ssp. ( Tsetse flies).
| - Mechanical: Stomoxys + tabanus spp ( blood sucking flies).
38
Which phenotype/form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?
Amastigote.
39
Leishmania develops from:
Amastigote.
40
Incubation period of Leishmania?
Several years.
41
Leishmaniosis vector is:
Sandfly ( Phleobotomus).
42
How can host be infected by Leishmania?
Female Sandfly, Vector disease, via biting.
43
Leishmania transmission can be:
Vector borne, Sandfly.
44
What is/ are characteristic of pathogenesis of Leishmaniosis?
- MPS killing amastigotes.
| - Hyper- globulinemia.
45
Symptoms of Leishmania?
- Cutaneous form- Hair loss, hyper- keratosis, desquamation, seborrhoea, small papules, ulcers, crusts, excessive long clawa.
- Visceral form- Lymph nodes spleen + liver enlarge, fever, anaemia, emaciation, m. atrophy, ataxia, somnelence, lethargy, anorexia, vomit, diarrhoea, cachexia, PU, PD, ocular signs, rhinitis, coughing, epistaxis, melena.
46
Cause of death in Leishmania?
Renal insufficiency/ failure ( kidney insufficiency).
47
Which country lacks autochthonous cases ( indigenous, native) of Leishmaniosis?
Germany.
48
What is the approximate size of Giardia:
- Trophozoite 11- 17 µm.
| - Cyst 10- 20 µm.
49
How do humans get giardia?
Swimming, contaminated drinking H2O, washing food with contaminated H2O, surfaces.
50
How do chickens get Giardiasis?
Infection/os, Infected H2O, H20- borne infection.
51
How Giardia infects?
Via contaminated H2O, food, surfaces, coprophagy.
52
Where can we find Giardia extra- intestinally?
Bile + pancreatic ducts.
53
Giardia cyst location?
Environment ( infectious form).
54
Giardia trophozoite location?
- Host ( vegetative form).
| - In intestine, bile duct, pancreatic duct.
55
Which Giardia duodenalis occurs in dog?
Genotypes A- D.
56
Difference between Trichomonas + Tritrichomonas?
- Trichomonas 4 flagella, Birds.
| - Tritrichomonas 3 flagella, Cattle.
57
If the following are present, more susceptible to Trichomonas.
Vit A deficiency.
58
How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?
- Young pigeons ( squabs)- Via feeding of regurgitated feed content.
- Pigeons- Via kissing/ from contaminated drinking H2O.
59
General feature of Trichomonas in pigeons?
Penguin- like posture.
| birds stand upright with head high + neck straight
60
What is the characteristic lesion in hepatic form of pigeon Trichomonosis?
Pea- size necrosis.
61
What is/ are the worst consequences in Trichomonosis in Cows?
- Early abortion ( 1st trimester, before 4th mnth)- Early abortion in 6- 16th week via absorption elimination.
- Pyometra- Grey- white, odourless fluid swarming with Trichomonas.
62
Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp:
> 3 years.
63
How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?
From navel.
64
Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?
Certain states of America.
65
How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in genital tract?
Epi- cellularly.
66
Which can be found in earthworms?
Histomonas meleagridis, Heterakis earthworm as a transport host.
67
Predisposing factor of Histomonosis:
Turkeys kept together with chickens.
| asymptomatic carriers, frequently Heterakis infected
68
Characteristics of Histomonosis disease in birds?
- Cyanosis of head ( blueish colour).
| - + weakness, dropping of wings, drowsiness, yellow diarrhoea, death within days.
69
Which clinical sign is ø characteristic of turkey Histomonosis?
Head cyanosis.
70
Which of the following is/ are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites?
Eccentric endosome, Phagocytised RBCs.
71
What causes anosmia ( loss of smell)?
Entamoeba histolytica.
72
Entamoeba attacks:
RBCs.
73
Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?
- Skin: Erythema, alopecia, hyper- keratosis ( desquamation).
74
Acanthamoebosis
Free- living, soil inhabitant, opportunistic amoebae.
75
What is chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis ( GAE) in humans caused by?
Acanthamoeba castellani.
76
How can a dog become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?
- Contact with still H2O, through skin lesion.
| - Or with distemper.
77
What is the form of Naegleria fowleri does ø have?
Provided with 1 flagellum.
78
What is the acute 1º amoebic meningoencephalitis ( PAM) in humans caused by?
Naegleria fowleri.
79
What is true for infection with Amoeba?
Large nucleus + cyst.
80
Specific for opportunist amoebas?
Big nucleus.
81
Detection of Klossiella:
- Sporocysts- urine : Na hydrogencarbonate, Centrifuge, Examine sediment.
- Sporoblasts- Basophil staining, bilaminar membrane projections on surface.
82
What belongs to Alveolata ( meaning ' with cavities', grp of protists)?
Apicomplexa, Ciliophora.
83
Where does the merozoite develop?
Inside Schizont.
84
Which statement is ø true for the development of Eimeria sp.?
Schizogony occurs in gametogony.
85
Pre- disposing factors to Eimeria:
| 6
Young age, intensive ( crowded, accelerated keeping), insufficient nutrition ( lack of vit., protein in feed), litter ( deep), neglected hygienic measures, inter- current infections.
86
Which Eimeria occurs extra- intestinally?
- E. ninakohyakimovae in goats' lymph nodes + gall bladder.
| - E danoilovi in ducks, lesions in cerebellum.
87
Difference between Isospora + Eimeria spp.?
Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle + residual bodies.
88
Different Eimeria spp. asking for most pathogenic stage:
- E. tenella 2nd Schizont.
- E. necatrix 2nd Schizogony.
- E. brunetti 2nd Schizogony, 3rd Gametogony.
89
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic lesions in small intestine of chicken?
3 ( E. necatrix + maxima, brunetti).
90
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrahgic/ fibrinous lesions in caeca?
2 ( E. tenella + brunetti).
91
Which Eimeria in small intestine does ø cause haemorrhages?
E. acervulina + E. mitis.
92
What Eimeria spp in chicken is:
- Highly pathogenic:
- Moderately pathogenic:
- Less pathogenic:
- E. tenella + necatrix.
- E maxima.
- E acervulina + mitis.
93
Which Eimeria causes ladder- like white bands?
E. acervulina.
94
Eimeria acervulina location:
Duodenum.
95
Which Eimeria spp is complimentary to E. acervulina?
E. mitis.
96
Location of Eimeria spp tenella:
- Caecum.
| - Epithelial cells- Lymphocytes- macrophages- crypt epi.
97
Which is/ are the most pathogenic stage (s) of E. tenella?
2nd Schizont.
98
Location of E. maxima?
Jejunum.
99
Which Eimeria sp/ spp. cause(s) typically coagulation necrosis?
E. brunetti.
100
Which Eimeria sp/ spp have 6- 7 days PreP period?
E. tenella + necatrix.
101
Which is most probably ø found in chicken?
E. duodenalis + flavescens.
102
ø neurological symptoms?
Eimeria of turkey.
103
Which Eimeria sp does ø occur behind the small intestine?
E. meleagridis.
104
Which turkey coccidium is at most forward?
E. meleagrimitis.
105
The most pathogenic turkey coccidium?
E. adenoiedes + gallopavonis + meleagrimitis
106
Which one is ø found in turkey?
E. duodenalis ( Pheasant).
107
What is the characteristic colour of necrotic debris during E. adenoeides coccidiosis?
White.
108
Which one causes catarrhal haemorrhagic inflammaton in Pheasant?
E. colchici.
109
Coccidiosis of pigeon?
E. labbeana + columbarum.
110
Where does Eimeria labbeana + columbarum develop?
Pigeon, middle of small intestine.
111
Coccidiosis of Goose- Intestinal.
E. anseris + nocens + kotlani.
112
Coccidiosis of Goose- Renal.
E. truncata.
113
Which coccidia has 4 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites in each?
Wenyonella phuliplevinei ( coccidiosis of duck).
114
How many Eimeria spp. does ø cause haemorrhages in small intestine? (Duck).
1 (E. anatis).
115
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhages in small intestine? (Duck).
3 ( Tyzzeria perniciosia, E. danailovi, Wenyonella philiplevinei).
116
Coccidiosis of Eq.
E. leuckarti- small intestine.
117
What characteristic lesion of Eq coccidiosis in small intestine?
Catarrhal- inflammatory changes.
118
What type of oocyst is E. leuckarti?
80 µm, piriform, ( thick, dark brown wall + large micropyle).
119
Coccidiosis of cattle.
E. zuernii + bovis + ellipsoidalis + alabamensis + auburnensis.
120
Which Eimeria spp is highly pathogenic in cattle?
E. zuernii + bovis.
121
Which E spp may have a high pathogenicity similar to E. zuernii?
E. alabamensis.
| According to notes it's E. bovis.
122
Coccidiosis of Sheep.
E. ovinoidalis.
123
Coccidiosis of Goat.
E ninakohlyakimovae.
124
E. ovinoidalis of Sheep and what it causes in the intestines:
Diffuse hyper- plasia + thickening of wall of caecum, with necrosis, roughness + small haemorrhages on mucosal surface.
125
Coccidiosis of Rabbit- Liver:
E. stiedai.
126
Which of the highly pathogenic E sp is in R location?
E. flavescens inc aecum.
127
Which of the following is correct?
E. irresidua- Jejunum.
128
Rabbit coccidiosis difference:
- Small intestine- x3 - E intestinalis - E.magna, E irresidua.
- Large intestine- x2- E. flavescens, E. piriformis.
129
Coccidiosis of Sus.
- E. deblicki, E. polita, E. scabra, E. spinosa ( no- pathogenic).
- Isospora suis ( pathogenic).
130
What is ø characteristic during Sus coccidiosis?
Haemorrhagic enteritis.
131
Where are the lesions caused by Isospora suis mostly situated?
Jejunum.
132
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 2 sporocysts?
Isospora.
133
Coccidiosis of Dog.
Isospora canis + ohioensis + burrowsi.
134
Coccidiosis of Cat.
Isospora felis + rivolta.
135
Difference between Neospora + Isospora?
- Isospora do ø have micropyle in wall.
| - Isospora oocysts do ø have residual/ stieda body.
136
If E. oocysts are recognised in dog faeces, then:
Belong to dogs as hosts, ø pathological significance; Pseudoparasites.
137
Dog coccidiosis:
Host specific, homoxenous parasites ( + paratenic host).
138
Locations of Cryptosporidium spp:
C. parvum
C. muris
C. andersoni
- Small intestine ( ileum)- Ru, rodents, humans.
- Abomasum/ stomach- rodents, rabbits, Ru, car, humans.
- Abomasum/ stomach, Ru, humans.
139
Which genus has sporulated oocysts with 4 free sporozoites?
Cryptosporidium.
140
Which genus has sporulated oocysts without sporocysts?
Cryptosporidium.
141
Size of Cryptosporidiosis oocyst?
5- 8 µm.
142
What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts?
6 - 7 µm, oval.
143
Cryptosporidium infection:
/os, with H2O ( H2O- borne), aerogen via coughing, dust, spray.
144
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in mammals?
C. parvum.
145
C. parvum more likely in:
Immunocompromised animals( opportunism), Giardia ( concurrent infection).
146
Cryptosporidium andersoni in:
Gastric gl of Bo abomasum, Older calves.
147
Which Cryptosporidium sp./ spp. occur (s) frequently in post- weaned/ older calves?
C. bovis + ryanae + andersoni.
148
Which is ø characteristic of Avian cryptosporidiosis?
Hepatic.
149
Crypstosporidium baileyi ø in:
| True: in chicken.
...
150
In which location will cryptosporidium baileyi ø establish?
Stomach.
151
Which form of Cryptosporidiosis has the most severe outcome in broilers?
Respiratory form.
152
In which host does Toxoplasmosis play a large role in abortion?
Sheep.
153
Hammondia Hammondii is similar to:
Toxoplasma gondii.
154
Which are the routes of infection of Toxoplasma?
Oral, galactogenic, Transplacental, parenteral.
155
What kind of meat do humans get Toxoplasma from?
- Venison, lamb, pork.
| - Undercooked meat.
156
How do humans get Toxoplasma?
Soil work, unwashed vegetables, oocyst in H2O, contact with cats.
157
What are potential consequences of Neosporosis in dogs?
- Poly- radiculo- neuritis ( ascending form of HL paralysis).
- Dysphagia.
- Dermatitis.
158
When does Neospora caninum cause abortion?
Cows- abortion between 3rd- 7th mnth of gestation.( early foetal death may entail resorption, later mummification, autolysis).
159
What is the characteristic gestation period of Neosporosis related abortion in cows? ( IH).
4- 6 mnths.
160
Neospora hughesi causes:
Eq protozoal myelencephalitis (EPM).
161
Who does Hammondiosis affect?
- Final Host ( Car)- Dog, fox, coyote, cat.
| - IH- Ru, guinea pigs, mice, deer dogs.
162
Clinical signs of Hammondia spp:
- H. hammondi, IH- Depression, anorexia, myocarditis, death in mouse, rat.
- H. heydorni ø clinical signs.
163
Hammondiosis causes symptoms in what?
Cat, dog.
164
Which sp. contain Hammondi cysts?
Cats only, via faeces.
165
Which sp is related to pathological signs in Hammondia?
Mouse- Depression, anorexia, myositis, myocarditis, death.
166
Besnoitia sp. are:
Obligatory heteroxenous.
167
Size of besnoitia cyst:
3 - 800 µm, visible to naked eye.
168
What is the direction of spreading Bo Besnoitiosis in Europe?
South- west to east.
169
Besnoitia vector:
Tabanus, stomoxys.
170
Where does Besnoitia cyst occur?
Sclera, respiratory m., genital mucosa.
171
Which domestic animals have zoonotic Sarcocystis sp./ spp?
Sus, cattle.
172
Ru Sarcocystiosis pathogenesis:
Dalmeny disease- General haemorrhages diathesis ( petechial + diffuse).
173
Haemogregarines characteristics:
Micro- + macro- gamonts develop next to each other.
174
In Klossiella there is:
- Free sporocyst to discharge via urine.
| - Sporocyst with 10 - 15 sporozoites in it.
175
Which animal is pathogenically affected by Klosseliosis?
Eq + Mouse.
176
Hepatozoon host:
Dog, fox, jackal, (cat).
177
True for hepatozoon:
- Oocyst develops in ticks.
| - Biological vectors- hard ticks mainly Rhipicephalus, R. turanicus, Amblyomma maculatum.
178
Hepatozoon americanum develops in which tissue?
In m. ( myocardium).
179
Specific for Hepatozoon americanum:
Schizonts with multi- lamellar wall ( onion- like).
180
What is the last development stage in Hepatozoon canis of dog?
Gamont.
181
Location of Hepatozoon canis:
Neu granulocytes.
182
What is characteristic of Hepatozoon canis oocysts?
Very large, visible to naked eye.
183
Which infective form in tick of Hepatozoon canis?
Oocyst.
184
How can canine Hepatozoonosis be diagnosed?
Finding gamonts in blood.
185
Haemosporinids?
- Heteroxenous parasites.
- Fertilized zygote is motile.
- ø sporocyst, conoid.
186
Which malaria is crescent shaped?
Malaria falciparum gametocytes.
187
Which stage is missing in Plasmodium?
ø syzygium nor sporocyst.
188
What cells are infected with Plasmodium?
MPS, RBC, ly, liver.
189
In Plasmodium sp., where does the primer exo- erythrocytic schizogony take place?
- Mammals- liver parenchymal cells.
| - Birds- MPS of skin.
190
Followed by endo- erythrocytic merogony in:
RBCs, within PV, continuing repeatedly + synchronising.
191
Which Plasmodium causes the appearance of Schüffner dots in RBC?
P. ovale + P. vivax.
192
Which Plasmodium sp. is ø pathogenic to humans?
P. simium.
193
What is the most important biological vector of Plasmodium gallinaceum ( chicken)?
- Culex/ Aedes mosquitoes- Birds.
| - Anopheles mosquitoes- Mammals.
194
Which isn't a characteristic of Haemoproteosis?
Lung emphysema.
195
Where does Haemoproetus develop?
In vector for 1- 2 weeks.
196
Vectors of Haemoproteus spp?
- Biological vectors.
> Forest flies ( Hippoboscidae spp.).
> Biting midges ( Culicoides spp.).
197
Where does the 1st schizogony of Haemoproteus spp. take place?
In endothelial cells.
198
Haemoproteus can be detected:
Pigmented gamonts in RBCs.
199
Which is correct for Haemoproteus?
- Sausage- shaped gamont inside RBCs.
| - Sausage- like in RBCs next to nucleus.
200
Which Leucocytozoon sp. occurs in chicken?
L. caulleryi.
201
Which are the vectors of Leucocytozoon sp.?
- Biological vectors.
> Blackflies ( Simulidae).
> Biting midges ( Culicoides spp.).
202
Leucocytozoon 1st schizogony takes place where?
In liver parenchymal cells.
203
Which is absent from the lifecycle of Leucocytozoon sp.?
Sporokinete.
204
Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. don't usually cause any haemorrhage, necrosis?
MM.
205
Which is the location of Leucocyotzoon sp. usually cause haemorrhage, necrosis?
Lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, ovary, oviduct + m.
206
Piroplasmosis characteristics:
- Heteroxenous parasite.
| - ø oocyst, conoid.
207
Breed predisposition to Babesia in dogs:
Spaniel.
208
Transmission of Babesia
Via ticks.
209
Which ticks are vector of large Babesia spp?
- Eq: Dermacentor marginatus.
- Bo: Boophilus spp + Haemaphysalis punctuata.
- Car: Dermacentor reticularis.
210
Babesia canis transmittes by Ixodes ricinus + Dermacentor reticulatus?
False.
211
Mode of Babesia transmission:
Trans- ovarial ( F), Trans- stadial, Intra- stadial ( M).
212
Which is the vector of zoonotic European Babesiosis?
Dermacentor reticularis.
213
Can humans get Babesia from dogs?
False.
214
Babesia incubation period:
4 - 21 days.
215
Form of Theileria that occurs in RBCs?
Piroplasm.
216
What is ø characteristic of Eq Theileriosis?
ø see neurological signs.
217
Which is ø in South America?
Theileria parva( East Africa) + B. microti( North America, Europe).
218
Which Theileria sp. is./ are pathogenic?
T. equi, T. parva, T. lawrencei, T. annulata, T. hirei.
219
1st schizogony of Cytauxzoon felis occurs in:
MPS cells ( RES, mostly macrophages).
220
Vectors of Cytauxzoonosis?
Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum.
221
Which genus does the vector of Cytauxzoon felis belong to?
Amblyomma.
222
What is 1ºly responsible for pathogenic effect of Cytauxzoon felis?
Occlusion of BV by schizonts.
223
Balantidium coli:
- Vegetative form 50 - 150 µm ( ovoid, vestibulum, cytostome).
- Cyst 40 - 60 µm ( spherical, thick walled).
224
What is Blastocytosis similar to?
Cryptosporidium genus.
225
How does Blastocysta infect?
Faecal-route or waterborne.
226
What is the smallest in Blastocysta?
Cyst ( 3- 6 µm).
227
Into which larger taxonomical category do Blastocystis spp. belong to?
Stramenophila protist.
228
Which is in Alveolate grp?
Grp of protists.
229
Alveolata is related to:
Apicomplexan parasites.
230
Microspora:
- Homoxenous, obligatory IC parasites ( ø mitochondria).`
- In spore: 1 polar body, spiral duct + sproplasm.
- Genera: Encephalitozoon, Enterocytozoon (hu), Nosema ( bee).
231
What is the approximate size of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores?
2µm.
232
In what can Encephalitozoon spores be found?
Urine, Renal tubular cells, kidney, Brain.
233
Staining Encephalitozoon cuniculi:
Ziehl Nielsen, India ink.
234
It is more a fox symptom than a dog in case of Encephalitozoonosis:
Thickened arterial wall, smaller diameter.
235
Which clinical sign is ø characteristic of Encephalitozoonosis?
Post. paralysis.
236
What is characteristic effect of pathology of Encephalitozoonosis?
Chronic interstitial nephritis.
237
How can infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi be acquired?
Prenatally.
238
Representatives of which orders are 1ºly affected by Encephalitozoon cuniculi?
Lagomorpha, Carnivora.
