ps ex - cognitive

Question 1

what are the two cognitive explanations for offending?

Answer 1

level of moral reasoning, cognitive distortions

Question 2

what is the level of moral reasoning?

Answer 2

Kohlberg 1968 – moral reasoning develops through stages that are progressively sophisticated (i.e. from primitive to advanced).

Question 3

what study did kohlberg carry out?

Answer 3

longitudinal study, 12+ years.
75 m tested in hypothetical dilemmas, aged 10/16-22/28.
scores compared to other countries

Question 4

what countries were the scores of the 75 men compared to? /5

Answer 4

Uk
canada
Mexico
Turkey
Taiwan

Question 5

what is an example of a moral dilema?

Answer 5

the Heinz dilemma, woman with cancer could only be saved by 1 drug, very expensive and overpriced. Heinz (husband) couldnt afford it, should he steal it?

Question 6

what did kohlberg find?

Answer 6

ppts progressed through stages as they got older, never went back in stages, invariant.

Question 7

what are the three stages of development?

Answer 7

preconventional morality,
conventional morality,
postconventional morality

Question 8

what occurs the in the pre-conventional stage?

Answer 8

consideration of self, reward and punishment steers behaviour

Question 9

what occurs the in the conventional stage?

Answer 9

consideration of society, law and order steer behaviour, approval and social order.

Question 10

what occurs the in the post-conventional stage?

Answer 10

own sense of morality, most complex, social contract and ethical principle.

Question 11

what is the link to criminality?

Answer 11

Offenders classified at pre-conventional stage, e.g. ‘child-like’ moral reasoning, follow rules just to avoid punishment and gain rewards.

Question 12

ao3 research support?

Answer 12

strength
Palmer and Hollin (1998), ev for link of level of MR and crime. compared MR in 300 non-off and 120 convicts. 11 q’s, offenders less mature as predicted

Question 13

ao3 type of offence?

Answer 13

limitation
level of mr may depend on type off offence.
Thorton and Rein (1982), crimes for financial gain shoe pre-conventional MR more than impulse crimes, doesnt apply to all

cp- still supports the theory of moral reasoning

Question 14

what are cognitive distortions?

Answer 14

Biased ways of thinking which may be used to rationalise or justify offending behaviour.

Question 15

what are two examples of cognitive distortions?

Answer 15

hostile attribution bias, minimalisation

Question 16

what is hostile attribution bias?

Answer 16

Judging situations as aggressive and/or threatening when in reality they may not be.

Question 17

2 research studies that support H.A.B?

Answer 17

1. Schonenberg and Justye (2014), 55 offenders exposed to ambiguous faces, more offenders saw face as violent than control group
2. Dodge and Frame (1982), aggressive children saw interaction as violent, non aggressive accepted provocation

Question 18

what is minimalisation?

Answer 18

Downplaying the significance of an event or emotion as a means of dealing with guilt.

Question 19

2 reseach studies that support minimalisation?

Answer 19

Bandura (1973), euphemistic labels applied like “supporting my family”, minimises seriousness

Bardabee (1991), 26 convicted rapists studied. 54% deniedd wrongdoing, 40% minimised harm to victim

Question 20

ao3 real life application?

Answer 20

strength, cognitive behavioural therapy aims to challenge irrational thinking. face up to actions.
less cognitive distortions may reduce risk of reoffending

Question 21

ao3 type of offense?

Answer 21

Howit and Sheldon (2007), gathered questionaire responses from sexual offenders, non-contact off used more cognitive distortions than contact ones. previous offenders more likely to use.