psy chapter 9

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

a field of psychology that examines age related physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the life span

Question 2

physical development

Answer 2

involves maturation wherein the body follows a universal, biologically driven progression in a generally predictable pattern

Question 3

cognitive development

Answer 3

includes changes in memory, problem solving, decision making, language, and intelligence that tend to follow a universal course early in life and considerably vary with age

Question 4

socioemotional development

Answer 4

refer to social behaviors, emotions, and changes experienced in relationships, feelings, and overall disposition

Question 5

biopsychosocial perspective

Answer 5

recognizes contributions and interplay of biological, psychological, and social forces shaping human development

Question 6

what are the three debates

Answer 6

1. nature and nurture
2. stages and continuity
3. stability and change

Question 7

cross sectional method

Answer 7

examines people of different ages at a single point in time. garner a lot of information quickly but does not address cohort effects

Question 8

longitudinal method

Answer 8

examines one sample of people over a period of time to determine age related changes. challenges include attrition, practice effects, expense, and time

Question 9

cross sequential method

Answer 9

examines groups of people of different ages, following them across time. costly and requires participants

Question 10

chromosomes

Answer 10

inherited threadlike structures composed of DNA

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

molecule that provides the instructions for the development and production of cells

Question 12

gene

Answer 12

specified segment of a DNA molecule

Question 13

monozygotic twins

Answer 13

identical twins develop from one egg inseminated at conception, which then splits into two separate zygotes

Question 14

dizygotic twins

Answer 14

fraternal twins develop from two eggs inseminated by two sperm and are as genetically similar as any sibling pair

Question 15

dominant gene

Answer 15

one of a pair of genes that has power over the expression of an inherited characteristic

Question 16

recessive gene

Answer 16

one of a pair of genes that is overpowered by a dominant gene

Question 17

genotype

Answer 17

an individual’s complete collection of genes

Question 18

phenotype

Answer 18

the observable expression or characteristic of one’s genetic inheritance

Question 19

germinal period

Answer 19

(conception to end of the 2nd week)
implanting in uterine wall; rapid growth

Question 20

embryonic period

Answer 20

(3rd to 8th week)
- cell differentiation; formation of major organs and systems begin
- heart begins to beat; spinal cord and intestinal system develop by end of period

Question 21

fetal period

Answer 21

(3rd month until birth)
- rapid weight gain; clear sleep wake cycles; all organs, systems, and structures fully developed at birth
- brain weight one quarter of adult size

Question 22

synaptic pruning

Answer 22

• increase in neural connections is not uniform in brain
• unused synaptic connections eliminated

Question 23

sensorimotor

Answer 23

object permanence

Question 24

preoperational

Answer 24

egocentrism; conservation errors

Question 25

concrete operational

Answer 25

logical thinking in reference to concrete objects and circumstances

Question 26

formal operational

Answer 26

more logical and systematic thinking

Question 27

temperament

Answer 27

characteristics differences in behavioral patterns and emotional reactions that are evident from birth

Question 28

high reactive infants

Answer 28

exhibits much distress with unfamiliar stimuli

Question 29

low reactive infants

Answer 29

do not respond to stimuli with great stimuli

Question 30

easy temperament

Answer 30

follow regular schedules; easily soothed; transition easily; 40%

Question 31

difficult temperament

Answer 31

erratic schedule; poor transitioning; irritable and unhappy; 10%

Question 32

slow to warm up temperament

Answer 32

not fond of change; 15 %

Question 33

harlows and their monkeys

Answer 33

infant monkey were put in cages alone, each with two artificial "surrogate" mothers.

Question 34

erik eriksons's psychosocial stages of development

Answer 34

proposed that human development is marked by eight psychological stages from infancy to old age

Question 35

how is each stage marked?

Answer 35

by development task or emotional crisis to be resolved

Question 36

erikson's stages

Answer 36

(birth to 1 year) trust vs. mistrust (1 to 3 years) autonomy vs shame and doubt (3 to 6 years) initiative vs guilt

Question 37

adolescence

Answer 37

the transition period between late childhood and early adulthood

Question 38

puberty

Answer 38

the period of development during which the body changes and becomes sexually mature and capable of reproduction

Question 39

formal operations (piaget)

Answer 39

-use of deductive reasoning and critical thinking begins - characterized by abstract reasoning, classification, symbol use, thinking beyond moment, and considering many possibilities and hypothetical situations

Question 40

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 40

- intense focus on self and feelings of immortality - can lead to increased risky behaviors

Question 41

physical development in EARLY ADULTHOOD

Answer 41

- muscular and cardiovascular abilities are sharp - sensory systems may start to decline - noise induced damage - fertility related changes occur

Question 42

physical development in MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

Answer 42

- genes influence height and bone mass - exercise slows shrinking process - wrinkles, sagging, and skin spots may appear - hair thins and turns grey - hearing loss continues and eyesight may decline - bones weaken - menopause and andropause

Question 43

physical developments in LATE ADULTHOOD

Answer 43

- vision deteriorates (cataracts, impaired night vision) - hearing declines; reaction time increases; information processed more slowly; memory deteriorates - exercise fosters development of new neural networks

Question 44

cognitive development in EARLY ADULTHOOD

Answer 44

- measure of aptitude remain stable from early to middle adulthood - processing speed begins to decline

Question 45

cognitive development in MIDDLE and LATE ADULTHOOD

Answer 45

- cognitive function does not necessarily decrease - practical abilities seem to grow - after age 70 decline is more apparent, some skills become more refined - crystallized intelligence - fluid intelligence

Question 46

socioemotional development in YOUNG ADULTHOOD

Answer 46

positive resolution involves forming deep, meaningful relationships; failure results in experiencing isolation (intimacy versus isolation)

Question 47

socioemotional development in MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

Answer 47

positive resolution includes feeling like we have made an impact on the next generation; failure manifests as boredom, conceit, or selfishness (generativity versus stagnation)

Question 48

socioemotional development in LATE ADULTHOOD

Answer 48

positive resolution allows us to feel a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction; failure leads to us feeling regret and dissatisfaction (integrity versus despair)