PSYC 100 Chapter 7 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Memory
A
Retention of information over time
2
Q
The paradox memory
A
Memory can be surprisingly good and surprisingly bad
3
Q
Memory is/isnt
A
Is Reconstructive
Is Not a Recording
4
Q
Systems of memory vary in:
A
Duration and span
5
Q
Duration
A
How long info can be hald
6
Q
Span
A
How much info can be held
7
Q
Systems of memory
A
Info -> Sensory -> Short Term -> <- Long Term
8
Q
Sensory Memory
A
Retaining Impressions of sensory information
9
Q
Full report
A
Recall all items
10
Q
Partial report
A
only some of the items
11
Q
Iconic sensory memory
A
Visual, “fleeting images”
last less than a second
12
Q
Echoic sensory memory
A
Audio, “echo”
lasts 5-10 seconds
13
Q
Sensory memory Span and Duration
A
Span: Can hold a lot of information
Duration: Information disappears very quickly
14
Q
Short Term memory
A
Retaining information for a short period of time
15
Q
Working memory
A
Holding/manipulating/process during that short time
actively “working” with
16
Q
Difference between short-term and working memory
A
Working allows for you to manipulate and process info you have stored
Short-term memory simply stores it for a while
17
Q
Span of Short term memory
A
Between 5 and 9 pieces of information
18
Q
Chunking
A
organizing information into meaningful chunks
ex. instead of memorizing all the numbers in a phone number separately put them into separate chunks 2173330601 as (217)(333)(0601)
19
Q
Rehearsal
A
The holding of information in the brain through mental repetition.
20
Q
Maintenance Rehearsal
A
repeating info over and over to yourself
ex. sloth bucket, sloth bucket, sloth bucket
21
Q
Elaborative rehearsal
A
linking info together in a meaningful way
ex. bucket of sloths
22
Q
Best type of rehearsal
A
Elaborative rehearsal
23
Q
STM capacity and duration
A
Span: Limited capacity (can increase with chunking)
Duration: “Short” about 20 seconds (can increase with rehearsal)
24
Q
Long term memory
A
Retaining information for a long amount of time, minutes to decades
25
Two types of LTM
Explicit, Implicit memory
26
Explicit memory
Memories we can recall intentionally; can be stated
ex. When is your birthday, who was the first president of the US
27
Implicit memory
Memories we cannot recall deliberately
ex. how to ride a bike, how to type on a keyboard
28
Two types of explicit memory
Semantic, Episodic
29
Semantic
Recollection of facts, General Knowledge
30
Episodic
Recollection of events, Specific experiences
31
Double Dissociation
Episodic vs semantic memory
Hippocampus vs lateral and interior temporal lobe
Hippocampus: Semantic
Lateral and Interior Temporal lobe: Episodic
32
Semantic Dementia
Loss of memory for meaning in both
verbal/nonverbal domains
ex. have difficulty finding words, impaired comprehension of words, impaired ability to recognize the semantic relationship between images
33
Semantic Satiation
seeing/hearing the repetition of words
making it meaningless
34
Aspects of implicit memory
Procedural
Priming
Classic Conditioning
Habituation
35
Procedural
Memory for how to do things (motor skills, habits)
36
Priming
The increased ability to process a stimulus because of previous exposure
37
Implicit memory formed and stored
in various parts of the brain depending on what type of memory it is
38
LTM Span and Duration
Span: Unlimited
Duration: Forever
39
Encoding
Getting information into memory
40
Storage
Keeping information in memory
41
Retrieval
Accessing information from memory
42
Encoding: Levels of processing
Visual (surface) – Phonological (sound) – Semantic (meaning)
Shallow to Deep
43
Storage: Consolidation
What happens to your brain “behind the scene” after the events- where your memory is stabilized and strengthened
44
What is needed for consolidation to occur
Sleep
Time
Lack of interruption
45
Interruption of consolidation
Memory of newly learnt information could be interrupted by information
that presented shortly after / concussion or trauma.
46
LTP, Long term Potentiation
repeated, strong stimulation
from neuron A results in more enduring, enhanced activity of connected neuron B
"neurons that fire together, wire together"
47
LTP increases?
CREB – a protein that supports memory
When CREB is enhanced, learning is also enhanced.
48
Reconsolidation
retrieving an old memory returns it to a momentary,
unstable state, making it vulnerable to changes; relearning of your old memory
49
Interruption to reconsolidation
might change/erase the old memory
50
Forgetting Therapy
interrupt with your memory reconsolidation process,
resulting in the memory being erased
51
Primacy effect
memory for the first items of a list tends to be better
perhaps because more chance for rehearsal, and
better attention at the beginning
52
Salience effect
items that stand out from the rest are easier to remember
53
Recency effect
memory for the last items of a list tends to
be better perhaps because still in STM, still
“fresh”
54
Memory Illusion
thinking something occurred bc it is related
55
Recall
Generating remembered information
56
2 types of recall
Free and Cued
57
Free recall
Accessing information from memory without any cues to aid your retrieval.
58
Cued recall
Information related to stored memories that helps bring the memories back to mind
59
Recognition
Selecting the correct information from an array of options
60
Interference
Loss of information due to competition
61
Two types of interference
Proactive and Retroactive
62
Proactive interference
When old information interferes with our ability to
remember new information
ex. At the beginning of the year if you kept writing
the date as 2022 instead of 2023
63
Retroactive interference
When new information interferes with our ability to
remember old information
64
Relearning
How much faster we reacquire something we learned before
65
Encoding specificity
Remember best when retrieval conditions match encoding condition
66
Context-dependent memory
Better retrieval when external context was the same as during encoding
67
State-dependent memory
Better retrieval when internal state was the same as during encoding
Could be emotional/chemical states
68
encoding failure
“attentional-memory effect”/ weapon effect
Central important details are specifically encoded and memorized whereas surrounding peripheral information are not
69
storage failure
forgetting if you dont access/use a memory, the memory will decay over time, less available for later retrieval
70
Hyperthymesia
Being able to possess an extremely detailed
autobiographical memory
71
Schema
Organized knowledge structure used for understanding and remembering; kind of mental model; framework
can be used to fill gaps in memory unless more specific information is provided
can be used to generate expectations for what is likely to be true in a situation
72
flashbulb memories
memories for important events in our lives that might feel different than regular events
Seem clearer, more vivid, more persistent, exceptionally detailed
even though the memories are compelling, not always as accurate as they seem
Flashbulb memories may be just like any other memories but seem different because they don't decay and are often recalled/brought to mind or very unique so there are very few similar events to interfere with them
73
misinformation effect
Creation of false memories due to misleading information provided after the event
74
Source monitoring confusion
Confusion about the origin of the memory
75
Cryptomnesia
“hidden memory” – when a previously forgotten
memory goes unrecognized; mistakenly believe a thought/idea is new/original
76
Reality monitoring confusion
Confusion about whether we experienced or imagined an event
77
Memory (failure) phenomena
False memory (schema)
- Flashbulb
- Misinformation effect
- Source monitoring
- Reality monitoring
- Eyewitness testimony
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Memory failure mechanisms
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
79
Factors that influence false memories
-Schemas
-Misinformation
- Source-monitoring confusions
- Plausibility
- Suggestibility
80
Amnesia
Some form of memory loss
81
Retrograde Amnesia
Forget the past (things that have already happened), this is very uncommon
82
Anterograde Amnesia
Can’t learn new things, Caused by damage to the hippocampus, it is the most common type of amnesia
83
self-referential encoding
Encoding based on an event’s relation to our self-concept, which leads to enhanced memory for the event.
84
multistore model of memory
A model proposing that information flows from our senses through three storage levels in memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term
85
affective conditioning
A form of conditioning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires positive or negative value
86
spacing effect
The enhanced ability to remember information when encoding is distributed over time
87
forgetting curve
The retention of information over various delay times.
88
tip of the tongue phenomenon
A failure to retrieve information despite confidence that it is stored in memory.
89
motivated forgetting
Willful forgetting of information so that it is less likely to be retrieved later
90
infantile amnesia
The inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from the first few years of life.
91
reminiscence bump
A time of prominent memory making between adolescence and early adulthood
