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PSYC 390 > PSYC 390 CH 1 > Flashcards

PSYC 390 CH 1 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

absorption

A

Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system

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2
Q

acute tolerance

A

Rapid tolerance formed during a single administration of a drug as is the case with alcohol

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3
Q

additive effects

A

Drug interactions characterized by the collective sum of the two individual drug effects

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4
Q

affinity

A

Attraction between a molecule and a receptor

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5
Q

area postrema

A

Area in the medulla of the brain stem that is not isolated from chemicals in the blood It is responsible for inducing a vomiting response when a toxic substance is present in the blood

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6
Q

astrocytes

A

Starshaped cells of the nerve tissue that have numerous extensions and that modulate the chemical environment around neurons metabolically assist neurons and provide phagocytosis for cellular debris

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7
Q

behavioral tolerance

A

The reduced effectiveness of a drug administered chronically that involves learning either instumental or classical conditioning

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8
Q

bioavailability

A

Concentration of drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites

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9
Q

biotransformation

A

Inactivation of a drug through a chemical change usually by metabolic processes in the liver

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10
Q

classical conditioning

A

Repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus Eventually the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response that is similar to the original unconditioned response

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11
Q

competitive antagonist

A

Drug that binds to a receptor but has little or no efficacy When it competes with an agonist for receptor sites it reduces the effect of the agonist

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12
Q

concentration gradient

A

Difference in the amount or concentration of a substance on each side of a biological barrier such as the cell membrane

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13
Q

crosstolerance

A

Tolerance to a specific drug can reduce the effectiveness of a another drug in the same class

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14
Q

depot binding

A

Type of drug interaction involving binding to an inactive site such as to proteins in the plasma to bone or to fat

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15
Q

dose response curve

A

Graph used to display the amount of biological change in relation to a given drug dose

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16
Q

downregulation

A

Decrease in the number of receptors which may be a consequence of chronic agonist treatment

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17
Q

drug action

A

Molecular changes associated with a drug binding to a particular target site or receptor

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18
Q

drug competition

A

Interaction between two drugs that share a metabolic system and compete for the same metabolic enzymes Bioavailability of one or both increases

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19
Q

drug depots

A

Inactive sites where drugs accumulate There is no biological effect from drugs binding at these sites nor can they be metabolized

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20
Q

drug effects

A

Alterations in physiological or psychological functions associated with a specific drug

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21
Q

efficacy

A

The extent to which a ligandreceptor binding initiates a biological action eg the ability of an agonist to activate its receptor

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22
Q

enteral

A

Drug administration by oral or rectal routes

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23
Q

enzyme induction

A

Increase in liver drugmetabolizing enzymes associated with repeated drug use

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24
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

Reduction in liver enzyme activity associated with a specific drug

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25
firstpass metabolism
Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug before it can circulate through the body particularly when the drug has been taken orally
26
halflife
Time required to remove half of the drug from the blood It is referred to as one half
27
intercellular clefts
Small gaps between adjacent cells
28
inverse agonist
Substance that activates a receptor but produces the opposite effect of a typical agonist at that receptor
29
ionization
Process involving the dissociation of an electrically neutral molecule into charged particles ions
30
ligand
Molecule that selectively binds to a receptor
31
metabolic tolerance
Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by a reduced amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of morerapid drug metabolism It is sometimes also called drug disposition tolerance
32
neuropharmacology
Area of pharmacology specializing in druginduced changes to the function of cells in the nervous system
33
neuropsychopharmacology
Area of pharmacology focusing on chemical substances that interact with the nervous system to alter behavior emotions and cognition
34
noncompetitive antagonist
Drug that reduces the effect of an agonist but does not compete at the receptor site The drug may bind to an inactive portion of the receptor disturb the cell membrane around the receptor or interrupt the intercellular processes initiated by the agonist receptor association
35
nonspecific drug effects
Physical or behavioral changes not associated with the chemical activity of the drug receptor interaction but with certain unique characteristics of the individual such as present mood or expectations of drug effects
36
operant conditioning
Type of learning in which animals learn to repond to obtain rewards and avoid punishment
37
partial agonists
Drugs that bind to a receptor but have low efficacy producing weaker biological effects than a full agonist Hence they act as agonists at some receptors and antagonists at others depending on the regional concentration of full agonist These were previously called mixed agonistantagonists
38
passive diffusion
Movement of lipidsoluble materials across a biological barrier without assistance based on its concentration gradient from higher to lower concentration
39
pharmacodynamic tolerance
Type of tolerance formed by changes in nerve cell functions in response to the continued presence of a drug
40
pharmacodynamics
Study of physiological and biochemical interactions of a drug with the target tissue responsible for the drugs effects
41
pharmacogenetics
The study of the genetic basis for variability in drug response among individuals sometimes called pharmacogenomics
42
pharmacokinetic
Factors that contribute to bioavailability the administration absorption distribution binding inactivation and excretion of a drug
43
pharmacology
Study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms
44
physiological antagonism
Drug interaction characterized by two drugs reducing each others effectiveness in the body
45
potency
Measure of the amount of drug necessary to produce a specific response
46
potentiation
Drug interaction characterized by an increase in effectiveness greater than the collective sum of the individual drugs
47
psychoactive drugs
Those drugs that have an effect on thinking mood or behavior
48
psychopharmacology
Area of pharmacology specializing in druginduced changes in mood thinking and behavior
49
receptor agonist
A neurochemical or drug that can bind to a particular receptor protein and alter the shape of the receptor to initiate a cellular response
50
receptor antagonist
A molecule that interacts with a receptor protein and produces no cellular effect after binding and also prevents an active ligand from binding
51
receptor subtypes
Group of receptors that respond to the same neurotransmitter but that differ from each other to varying degrees with respect to their structure signaling mechanisms and pharmacology
52
receptors
Proteins located on the surface of or within cells that bind to specific ligands to initiate biological changes within the cell
53
sensitization
Enhanced response to a particular drug after repeated drug exposure
54
side effect
Undesired physical or behavioral change associated with a particular drug
55
specific drug effects
Physical or behavioral changes associated with biochemical interactions of a drug with the target site
56
statedependent learning
Condition characterized by better performance of a particular task that was learned in a drugged state in the same drugged state rather than in a nondrugged state Tasks learned in a nondrugged state are likewise performed better in a nondrugged state
57
teratogen
Any agent including a virus drug or radiation that induces abnormal fetal development causing birth defects
58
therapeutic drug monitoring
Taking multiple blood samples to directly measure plasma levels of a drug after administration to identify the optimum dosage for maximum therapeutic potential and minimal side effects
59
therapeutic effects
Desired physical or behavioral changes associated with a particular drug
60
therapeutic index
The relationship between the drug dose that results in a toxic response compared to the dose required for the desired biological response It is represented by the equation TI TD50ED50 where TD50 is the dose that is toxic for 50% of the population and ED50 is the effective dose for 50%
61
tolerance
Decreased response to a drug as a direct result of repeated drug exposure
62
upregulation
Increase in the number of receptors which may be a consequence of denervation or of chronic antagonist treatment
63
zero order kinetics
Term used to describe a constant rate of drug removal from the body regardless of drug concentration in the blood

PSYC 390 (5 decks)

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