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PSYC 390 > PSYC 390 CH 3 > Flashcards

PSYC 390 CH 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

active zones

A

Area along the axon terminal near the postsynaptic cell that is specialized for neurotransmitter release

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2
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of the adrenal gland that secretes glucocorticoides

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3
Q

adrenal glands

A

an endocrine gland that is located above the kidney and secretes EPI NE and Glucocorticoids is composed of the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

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4
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes the catecholamines EPI and NE

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5
Q

amino acids

A

essentialBuilding blocks of proteins some of which also act as neurotransmitters

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6
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormone secreted by the testes

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7
Q

autoreceptors

A

neuronal Receptors in a cell that are specific for the neurotransmitter released by that cell

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8
Q

axoaxonic synapses

A

junction used for communication between the axon terminals of two neurons permitting the presynaptic cell to control neurotransmitter release from the postsynaptic cell at the terminals

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9
Q

axodendritic synapses

A

and junction used for communication between the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of a postssynaptic neuron

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10
Q

axosomatic synapses

A

junction used for communication between nerve terminal and a nerve cell body

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11
Q

chromaffin cells

A

the cells of the adrenal medulla

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12
Q

cortisol

A

specific glucocorticoid Secreted by the adrenal cortex of primates

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13
Q

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

A

second messenger that activates PTA and is controlled by DA Ne 5HT and Endorphins

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14
Q

cyclic guanosine monophosphate cGMP

A

second messenger that activates PKG and is controlled in part by NO

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15
Q

desensitization

A

altered receptor state characterized by a lack of response to an Agonist

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16
Q

diacylglycerol DAG

A

second messenger generated by the phosphoinositide Second messenger system stimulates protein kinase C PKC

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17
Q

effector enzymes

A

enzymes of the cell membrane that may be regulated by G proteins and that cause biochemical and physiological effects and postsynaptic cells

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18
Q

endocrine gland

A

specialized organ that secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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19
Q

ephinephrine EPI

A

hormone related to NE That belongs to a group called catecholamines it is secreted by the chroomaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and it produces the fight or flight response by regulating the diversion of energy and blood to muscles

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20
Q

exocytosis

A

method by which vesicles Release substances and neurotransmitters characterized by fusion of the vesicle and the cell membrane specifically the axon terminal membrane in the case of neurotransmitters

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21
Q

G protein coupled receptors

A

slow acting receptor type composed of a single large protein in the cell membrane that activates G proteins

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22
Q

G proteins

A

specific membrane proteins that are necessary for neurotransmitter signaling by metabotropic Receptors

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23
Q

gaseous transmitters

A

substance in the gas phase that acts as a neurotransmitter in the body

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24
Q

glucagon

A

hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans that Along with insulin regulate metabolic energy sources in the body

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25
glucocorticoids
hormone belonging to the steroid family that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and helps maintain blood glucose levels in the body
26
gonads
glands that secrete sex specific steroid hormones
27
heteroreceptors
axon receptors that are specific for neurotransmitters released by other cells at axoaxoinic synapses
28
hormones
chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands in the bloodstream where it travels to target locations in the body
29
insulin
polypeptide Hormone that is secreted by the islets of Langerhans and along with glucagon regulates glucose and metabolic energy sources in the body
30
ionotropic receptors
Fast acting receptor type comprised of several subunits that come together in the cell membrane the receptor has an ion channel at its center which is regulated by the neurotransmitters binding to specific sites on the receptor causing the channel to open
31
islets of Langerhans
Endocrine gland in the pancreas that secretes insulin and glucagons
32
lipids
fatty molecules in the body lipids are a major component of cell membranes and some of them also act as neurotransmitters
33
median eminence
area of the hypothalamus that is not isolated from chemicals in the blood and where hypothalamic Releasing hormones are secreted for transport to the anterior pituitary gland
34
melatonin
hormone that regulates rhythmic functions in the body it is secreted by the pineal Gland
35
metabotropic receptors
slow acting receptor type composed of a single large protein in the cell membrane that activates G proteins
36
monamines
refers to a compound or transmitter that contains a single amine group
37
neuromodulators
chemicalsThat don't follow the typical neurotransmitter model they may regulate neurotransmitter activity or act at distant sites from their point of release
38
neuromuscular junction
connection point between neurons and muscle cells it has some of the characteristics of a synapse
39
neuropeptides
small proteins in the nervous system that act as neurotransmitters
40
neurotrophic factors
proteins that encourage the growth development and survival of neurons they are also involved in neuronal signaling
41
norepinephrine NE
neurotransmitter related to DA that belongs to a group called Catecholamines It also functions as a hormone secreted by the Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
42
ovaries
female specific gonads that secrete the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
43
oxytocin
peptide hormone synthesized by certain hypothalamic neurons And secreted into the bloodstream at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
44
phosphoinositide second messenger system
neurotransmitter signaling mechanism that activates PKC and is controlled by certain receptors for Ach NE 5HT
45
pineal gland
specific endocrine gland that is located above the brainstem covered by the cerebral hemispheres it secretes melatonin
46
pituitary gland
Endocrine Gland that is located under the hypothalamus and connects to the brain by a thin stalk it secretes TSH ACTH FSH LH GH PRL vasopressin and oxytocin
47
posterior pituitary
part of the pituitary gland in which vasopressin and Oxytocin are secreted
48
postsynaptic cell
neuron at a synapse that receives a signal from the presynaptic cell
49
precursor
chemical that is used to make the product formed in a biochemical pathway
50
presynaptic cell
neuron at a synapse that transmits a signal to the postsynaptic cell
51
presynaptic facilitation
signaling by this presynaptic cell to increase neurotransmitter released by the axon terminal of the postsynaptic cell
52
presynaptic inhibition
signaling by the presynaptic cell to reduceNeurotransmitter released by the axon terminal of the postsynaptic cell
53
protein kinase A PKA
enzyme that is stimulated by diacylglycerol and CA2 And thatphosphorylates specific proteins as part of a neurotransmitter signaling pathway
54
protein kinase C
enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation Of other proteins
55
protein kinase G PKG
enzyme that is stimulated by cGMP and that phosphorylates Specific proteins including proteins involved in cell growth and differentiation
56
protein Kinases
Enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of other proteins
57
receptor subtypes
group of receptors that respond to the same neurotransmitter but that differ from each other to varying degrees with respect to their structure Signaling mechanisms and pharmacology
58
receptors
proteins located on the surface of or within cells that bind to specific ligands To initiate biological changes within the cell
59
reuptake
process that involves transport of neurotransmitters out of the synaptic cleft by the same cell that released them
60
second messenger
substance that when activated by signaling molecules Bound to receptors in the cell membrane will initiate biochemical processes within the cell
61
second messenger systems
biochemical pathways that use second messengers to mediate intercellular signaling
62
somatodendritic autoreceptors
auto receptors located on the dendrites of cell bodies that slow the rate of self firing when activated
63
steroids
class of hormones that are derived from cholesterol and regulate a variety of biochemical pathways
64
subunits
individual protein components that must join in the cell membrane to form a complete receptor
65
synapse
structural unit of information transmission between two nerve cellsIt consists of the presynaptic nerve terminal the synaptic cleft and a small area of the postsynaptic cell that receives the incoming signal
66
synaptic cleft
small gap about 20 nm Wide between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells
67
synaptic plasticity
ability of synapses to change structurally and functionally In the adult nervous system synaptic plasticity is particularly important for learning and memory and for the development of addiction following repeated exposure to abuse drugs
68
synaptic vesicles
Sac like structures located in the axon terminal that are filled with molecules of neurotransmitter
69
terminal autoreceptors
autoreceptors that are located on axon terminals and that inhibit neurotransmitter release
70
testosterone
the principle adrogen Secreted by the testes
71
T4
hormone that is synthesized from tyrosine And helps control normal energy and metabolism in the body it is secreted by the thyroid gland
72
Transporter proteins
specific proteins in the cell membrane that transport molecules into and out of the cell they are sometimes just called transporters
73
triiodothyronine T3
hormone that is synthesized from tyrosine And helps control normal energy and metabolism the body it is secreted by the thyroid gland
74
tyrosine kinase receptors
family of receptors that mediate Neurotrophic Factor signaling
75
vasopressin
peptideHormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases water retention by the kidneys
76
volume transmission
phenomenon Characterized by the diffusion of a chemical signal through the extracellular fluid to reach target cells at some distance from the point of release
77
wiring transmission
point to point communication between neurons in which the neurotransmitter acts locally within the synopsis to affect the target cell the opposite of wiring transmission is volume transmission

PSYC 390 (5 decks)

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