psyc 390 CH 1 rev lecture

Question 1

Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system

Answer 1

absorption

Question 2

Rapid tolerance formed during a single administration of a drug as is the case with alcohol

Answer 2

acute tolerance

Question 3

Drug interactions characterized by the collective sum of the two individual drug effects

Answer 3

additive effects

Question 4

Area in the medulla of the brain stem that is not isolated from chemicals in the blood It is responsible for inducing a vomiting response when a toxic substance is present in the blood

Answer 4

area postrema

Question 5

Starshaped cells of the nerve tissue that have numerous extensions and that modulate the chemical environment around neurons metabolically assist neurons and provide phagocytosis for cellular debris

Answer 5

astrocytes

Question 6

The reduced effectiveness of a drug administered chronically that involves learning either instumental or classical conditioning

Answer 6

behavioral tolerance

Question 7

Concentration of drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites

Answer 7

bioavailability

Question 8

Inactivation of a drug through a chemical change usually by metabolic processes in the liver

Answer 8

biotransformation

Question 9

Drug that binds to a receptor but has little or no efficacy When it competes with an agonist for receptor sites it reduces the effect of the agonist

Answer 9

competitive antagonist

Question 10

Difference in the amount or concentration of a substance on each side of a biological barrier such as the cell membrane

Answer 10

concentration gradient

Question 11

Tolerance to a specific drug can reduce the effectiveness of a another drug in the same class

Answer 11

crosstolerance

Question 12

Type of drug interaction involving binding to an inactive site such as to proteins in the plasma to bone or to fat

Answer 12

depot binding

Question 13

Graph used to display the amount of biological change in relation to a given drug dose

Answer 13

dose response curve

Question 14

Decrease in the number of receptors which may be a consequence of chronic agonist treatment

Answer 14

downregulation

Question 15

Molecular changes associated with a drug binding to a particular target site or receptor

Answer 15

drug action

Question 16

Interaction between two drugs that share a metabolic system and compete for the same metabolic enzymes Bioavailability of one or both increases

Answer 16

drug competition

Question 17

Inactive sites where drugs accumulate There is no biological effect from drugs binding at these sites nor can they be metabolized

Answer 17

drug depots

Question 18

Alterations in physiological or psychological functions associated with a specific drug

Answer 18

drug effects

Question 19

The extent to which a ligandreceptor binding initiates a biological action eg the ability of an agonist to activate its receptor

Answer 19

efficacy

Question 20

Term used to describe exponential elimination of drugs from the bloodstream

Answer 20

first order kinetics

Question 21

Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug before it can circulate through the body particularly when the drug has been taken orally

Answer 21

first pass metabolism

Question 22

Substance that activates a receptor but produces the opposite effect of a typical agonist at that receptor

Answer 22

inverse agonist

Question 23

Process involving the dissociation of an electrically neutral molecule into charged particles ions

Answer 23

ionization

Question 24

Molecule that selectively binds to a receptor

Answer 24

ligand

Question 25

Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by a reduced amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of morerapid drug metabolism It is sometimes also called drug disposition tolerance

Answer 25

metabolic tolerance

Question 26

Area of pharmacology specializing in druginduced changes to the function of cells in the nervous system

Answer 26

neuropharmacology

Question 27

Area of pharmacology focusing on chemical substances that interact with the nervous system to alter behavior emotions and cognition

Answer 27

neuropsychopharmacology

Question 28

Drug that reduces the effect of an agonist but does not compete at the receptor site The drug may bind to an inactive portion of the receptor disturb the cell membrane around the receptor or interrupt the intercellular processes initiated by the agonist receptor association

Answer 28

noncompetitive antagonist

Question 29

Physical or behavioral changes not associated with the chemical activity of the drug receptor interaction but with certain unique characteristics of the individual such as present mood or expectations of drug effects

Answer 29

nonspecific drug effects

Question 30

Type of learning in which animals learn to repond to obtain rewards and avoid punishment

Answer 30

operant conditioning

Question 31

Drugs that bind to a receptor but have low efficacy producing weaker biological effects than a full agonist Hence they act as agonists at some receptors and antagonists at others depending on the regional concentration of full agonist These were previously called mixed agonistantagonists

Answer 31

partial agonists

Question 32

Movement of lipidsoluble materials across a biological barrier without assistance based on its concentration gradient from higher to lower concentration

Answer 32

passive diffusion

Question 33

Study of physiological and biochemical interactions of a drug with the target tissue responsible for the drugs effects

Answer 33

pharmacodynamics

Question 34

The study of the genetic basis for variability in drug response among individuals sometimes called pharmacogenomics

Answer 34

pharmacogenetics

Question 35

Factors that contribute to bioavailability the administration absorption distribution binding inactivation and excretion of a drug

Answer 35

pharmacokinetic

Question 36

Study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms

Answer 36

pharmacology

Question 37

Drug interaction characterized by two drugs reducing each others effectiveness in the body

Answer 37

physiological antagonism

Question 38

Drug interaction characterized by an increase in effectiveness greater than the collective sum of the individual drugs

Answer 38

potentiation

Question 39

Those drugs that have an effect on thinking mood or behavior

Answer 39

psychoactive drugs

Question 40

Area of pharmacology specializing in druginduced changes in mood thinking and behavior

Answer 40

psychopharmacology

Question 41

A neurochemical or drug that can bind to a particular receptor protein and alter the shape of the receptor to initiate a cellular response

Answer 41

receptor agonist

Question 42

A molecule that interacts with a receptor protein and produces no cellular effect after binding and also prevents an active ligand from binding

Answer 42

receptor antagonist

Question 43

Group of receptors that respond to the same neurotransmitter but that differ from each other to varying degrees with respect to their structure signaling mechanisms and pharmacology

Answer 43

receptor subtypes

Question 44

Proteins located on the surface of or within cells that bind to specific ligands to initiate biological changes within the cell

Answer 44

receptors

Question 45

Enhanced response to a particular drug after repeated drug exposure

Answer 45

sensitization

Question 46

Physical or behavioral changes associated with biochemical interactions of a drug with the target site

Answer 46

specific drug effects

Question 47

Condition characterized by better performance of a particular task that was learned in a drugged state in the same drugged state rather than in a nondrugged state Tasks learned in a nondrugged state are likewise performed better in a nondrugged state

Answer 47

statedependent learning

Question 48

Taking multiple blood samples to directly measure plasma levels of a drug after administration to identify the optimum dosage for maximum therapeutic potential and minimal side effects

Answer 48

therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 49

Desired physical or behavioral changes associated with a particular drug

Answer 49

therapeutic effects

Question 50

The relationship between the drug dose that results in a toxic response compared to the dose required for the desired biological response It is represented by the equation TI TD50ED50 where TD50 is the dose that is toxic for 50% of the population and ED50 is the effective dose for 50%

Answer 50

therapeutic index

Question 51

Decreased response to a drug as a direct result of repeated drug exposure

Answer 51

tolerance

Question 52

Increase in the number of receptors which may be a consequence of denervation or of chronic antagonist treatment

Answer 52

upregulation

Question 53

Term used to describe a constant rate of drug removal from the body regardless of drug concentration in the blood

Answer 53

zero order kinetics