PSYC203 Chris's Lectures Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is the Feedback Theory (James,1884)
Exciting fact -> bodily response -> emotion
What is the appraisal theory (Arnold, 1960)
Event/object -> appraised as personally relevant -> emotion
What does Smith & Lazarus (1993) suggest about the appraisal theory
We have a primary appraisal i.e is this relevant to me?
and a secondary appraisal i.e. is this reaction appropriate for the situation and will it change the outcome
What does Ekman (1971) say about emotions?
the basic emotions are happiness, sadness, and fear
What does Keltner (1999) suggest about emotions?
emotions are functional for the individual, group, culture, and dyadic
they help let others know your intentions, evoke reciprocal emotions and serve as a deterrent
What does Fridlund (1991) say about emotions?
suggests that facial expressions have been kept in evolutions to communicate intentions
What does Fernandez-Dols (1995) say about emotions?
Olympic medal study, athletes spend 76% of time smiling when facing the crowd compared to 10% when not
What does Baumeister (1994) say about emotions?
guilt has 3 functions
- maintains relationships
- is an influence technique
- redistributes affective distress
What does Manstead (2001) say about emotions? and what study does it link to?
suggests we use social appraisals for emotions
links to hot sauce study
What does Hatfield (1994) say about emotions?
we monitor facial expressions and mimic these
What does McGarty (2003) suggest about emotions
non-indigenous Australians who have feelings of guilt are more likely to support a formal apology.
What does Keltner (1999) suggest about emotions?
We have cultural level emotions which help;
- people form cultural identities
- help children learn cultural norms
- perpetuate power structures
What does Safdar (2009) say about emotions?
Japanese ppts rated emotions such as anger, disgust, and surprise ad less appropriate than their american counterparts
What does Moscovici (1972) say about Social Representations?
focuses on how language and culture shape the way we think
it shifts explanation from the individual to the cultural level
what are the steps by which social representations are made, and what are they?
- Anchoring- compare new objects to prototypes and evaluate it to the other objects
- objectification- an unfamiliar is given a concrete reality similar to the idea of metaphors
What does Moscovici and Hewstone (1983) suggest the 3 processes of objectification are?
- personification of knowledge
- figuration
- ontologising
What does DeRosa (1987) suggest about SR
Studied SR of madness in Italy; found a range of definitions from criminals to ‘deviants’ (transgender people)
How does Taylor (1981) define a schema?
“a cognitive structure that consists of representations of some defined stimuli
How does Perry (1996) define attitudes?
“a general and enduring positive or negative feeling about a person, object, or issue)
How did Volklien (2005) criticise SRT
identified 4 criticism
- theoretical ambiguities (too broad/vague)
- social determinism
- cognitive reductionism
- lack of critical agenda
How does Tajfel’s SIT link to SRT
Focuses on how group membership norms and categorisation shape behaviour
What are the 3 main criticisms of the standard OTA view?
- sceptical participants
- non-standard procedures/ improvisation
- unethical researcher behaviour
What does Perry (2013) Suggest about sceptical participants?
He examined unpublished analysis that suggest those who did not think that the shock experiment was real were more likely to go to full shocks
What did Brannighan (2013) say about sceptical participants
suggested that believers were 2.5x more likely to be defiant
