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From Flashcardlet > PSYCH 100 Chapter 3/4 > Flashcards

PSYCH 100 Chapter 3/4 Flashcards

0
Q

what does PNS stand for?

A

peripheral nervous system

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1
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

what are the two components of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Define spinal cord

A

it is the bridge between the brain and other parts of the body below the neck

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4
Q

Define spinal nerves

A
  • part of the PNS
  • 31 pairs that are all connected to the spinal cord
  • are made out of sensory and motor fibers
  • enable spinal reflexes
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5
Q

what are carinal nerves

A
  • found in the brain system
  • there are 12 sets
  • correspond to the facial movements
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6
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A
  • receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming information from the PNS
  • also sends messages to muscles, glands, and organs
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7
Q

define the PNS and what it consists of?

A
  • consists of all portions of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
  • is made up of long axons and dendrites
  • handles the input and output of the CNS
  • 43 pairs of nerves
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8
Q

Define afferent nerves

A

transmits information to the CNS

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9
Q

define efferent nerves

A

information goes from the CNS to the PNS

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of PNS ?

A
  1. autonomic

2. somatic

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11
Q

what is the autonomic system in charge of?

A
  • involved in involuntary responses
  • goes to glands, blood vessels, and organs
    ex) digestion, breathing, and heart rate
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12
Q

what is the somatic system in charge of?

A
  • voluntary movements
  • movement of skeletal muscles
    ex) moving arms
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13
Q

what is sympathetis and what happens in your body to indicate this?

A
  • dilates pupils
  • is a flight or fight reaction
  • heart rate increases
  • cant control bladder
  • stimulates glucose release by liver
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14
Q

what occurs as a function of Parasympathetic system

A
  • is the rest and digest system
  • pupils contract
  • slows heartbeat
  • stimulates digestion
  • controls bladder
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15
Q

define what a nerve is

A
  • a nerve is a bundle of neurons put together
  • bundle of axons
  • are like “cables”
  • part of PNS
  • 3 types of nerves
    1. afferent
    2. efferent
    3. mixed nerve
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16
Q

Define what a neuron is

A
  • are nerve cells
  • 3 kinds of neurons:
    1. motor
    2. sensory
    3. interneuron
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17
Q

what is a gilia cell?

A
  • surrounds neurons and holds them in place
  • supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
  • insulate
  • remove debris
  • 10->50x more gilia cells then neurons as they are the support system
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18
Q

what is the chemical process that fires neurons to other neurons?

A

action potential

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19
Q

what is action potential

A
  • an electrical impulse that travels down an axon like a wave and chemical changes occur
  • occurs at +40 millivolts
  • occurs when there is a change in the membrane
  • the electric stimulation of the neuron shuts down the potassium channels
  • opens sodium channels
  • this allowing sodium to rush in and increases the positive charge inside axon
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20
Q

what is resting potential?

A
  • ‘potential energy’
  • it creates an environment for potential electrical impulse (action potential)
  • occurs at -70 millivolts
  • potassium moves freely across membrane
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21
Q

What happens during the refractory period?

A
  • this is the time following action potential
  • after action potential reaches +40 millivolts membrane channels return to original state
  • and now a neuron can generate another action
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22
Q

what are drug withdrawals related to?

A

when no neurotransmitters are able to do their job as they are blocked by the drug

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23
Q

how many neurons are in the brain?

A

86 billion

-this is more than any other primate

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24
Q

define Brain Plasticity

A

how well the brain adapts to damage

-if it occurs while a child is young enough there is a higher chance of a correction to some degree

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25
Q

what are the 3 basic components of a neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
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26
Q

define cell body

A
  • also known as soma

- coordinates the information processing tasks and keeps cells alive

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27
Q

define a dendrite

A

receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

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28
Q

define an axon

A

carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

-can be very long (up to 1 meter)

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29
Q

what is a myeline sheath

A

it covers axons and is an insulating layer of fatty material which is composed of glial cells

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30
Q

define the synapse

A

it is a region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
-NEURONS NEVER ACTUALLY TOUCH

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31
Q

what are terminal buttons?

A

knob-like structures that branch out from an axon

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32
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

is chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites

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33
Q

what is Acetylcholine (ASH) and its functions.

A
  • involved in voluntary motor control
  • activates muscles to initiate motor behaviour
  • contributes to attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming and memory abilities
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34
Q

what is dopamine and what is its function

A

it regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

  • plays a big role in drug addiction
  • high levels have been linked to schizophrenia
  • low levels have been linked to Parkinson’s disease
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35
Q

what is glutamate and some of its functions

A

enhances transmissions of information between neurons

-can cause seizures from to much or too little

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36
Q

what is Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its functions

A

tends to stop the firing of neurons

-can cause seizures with too little or too much exposure

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37
Q

what is norepinephrine and some of its function

A
  • influence mood and arousal

- involved in states of vigilance or heightened awareness of dangers in the environment

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38
Q

what is serotonin and what is it functions

A
  • influences mood and arousal

- involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behaviour

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39
Q

what are endorphins and what are their functions

A

chemicals that act within pain pathways and emotion centres of the brain

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40
Q

define agonists

A

drugs that increase action of a neurotransmitter

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41
Q

define an antagonists

A

drugs that block action of neurotransmitters

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42
Q

hindbrain

A

area of the brain that coordinatw information coming into and out of the spinal cord

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43
Q

medulla

A

an extension at the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

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44
Q

reticular formation

A

brain structure that regulates sleep, work-fulness, and levels of arousal

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45
Q

cerebellum

A

large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

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46
Q

pons

A

part of hindbrain that relays information from the cerebellum to rest of the of the brain

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47
Q

tectum

A

part of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment

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48
Q

tegmentum

A

part of midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal

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49
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost layer of the brain and is divided into 2 hemispheres

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50
Q

subcortical structures

A

areas of forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very centre of the brain

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51
Q

thalamus

A

subcortical structure that relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

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52
Q

hypthalamus

A

subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour

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53
Q

pituitary gland

A

-“master gland” of bodies hormone production system

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54
Q

limbic system

A

group of forebrain structures (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala) which are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory

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55
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for creating new memories and then integrating them into a network of knowledge

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56
Q

amygdala

A

plays a central role in many emotional processes-particularly the formation off emotional memories

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57
Q

basal ganglia

A

a set of subcortical structures that directs international movements

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58
Q

corpus callosum

A

a thick band of nerve fibres that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres

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59
Q

occipital lobe

A

region of cerebral cortex that processes visual information

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60
Q

parietal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about the touch

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61
Q

temporal lobe

A

a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

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62
Q

frontal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgment

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63
Q

association areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

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64
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

environmental influences that determine wether or not genes are expressed of the degree to which they are expressed without altering basic DNA sequences

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65
Q

what is an epigenetic mark

A

chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off

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66
Q

heritability

A

measure of variability of behavioural traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors

67
Q

histone modification

A

adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA

68
Q

what is the first thing that forms in an embryo?

A

the nervous system

69
Q

define sensation

A

is data coming in

- detection of environmental stimuli from senses

70
Q

define preception

A
  • is how we make sense of the world

- is the interpretation of that sensation in order to form a mental picture

71
Q

describe synesthesa

A

perceptual experience that associates one sense with another

ex) guy in video shown in class: when words are said he tastes them so if someone said beer he might taste bacon

72
Q

define transduction

A

what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the CNS

73
Q

what is the right brain in charge of?

A
  • neural information
  • therefore sensory information has to be turned into neural information to be processed
  • 5 senses then convert their physical energy from the world into neural energy which is then sent to the brain
74
Q

what is the order of steps from going from sensory information to neural??

A
  1. receptors
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
75
Q

what is a psychophsicist?

A

they measure the minimum amount of a stimulus needed for detection

76
Q

what is psychophysics?

A

methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observers sensitivity to that stimulus
-perceptions can differ between people

77
Q

what are 4 ways of measuring sensation/preception

A
  1. magnitude
  2. matching
  3. detection
  4. adjustments
78
Q

define magnitude

A

it measure size/ quantity

ex)how bright or how loud

79
Q

define matching

A

adjust 1 of 2 stimuli so they look/sound the same

80
Q

define detection

A

detect small differences between stimuli

81
Q

define adjustments

A

adjust the intensity of the light until you judge it to be just barely detectable

82
Q

threshold = ?

A

boundary

83
Q

define an absolute threshold?

A

is the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus
-within experiments participants 50% of the time could detect this change
THERE IS NO SIGNAL FIXED VALUE THAT A PERSON NEVER DETECTS OR ALWAYS DETECTS A STIMULUS

84
Q

what was the Weber Law?

A

is the minimal amount of stimulation required to tell the difference between two stimuli
-belief that things have to change a certain amount before you can tell the difference

85
Q

describe the signal detection theory

A

-refers to whether or not we detect a stimulus reliably, especially amidst background noise
-people set their own standards of how certain they must be that a stimulus is present before saying they have detected it
-

86
Q

what else does detection depend on

A

not only on intensity but also on a persons:

  • experience
  • expectations
  • motivations
  • alertness
  • concentration
87
Q

what are the 4 possible outcomes of the situation where you may have a tumour and doctor requires you to take a few tests such as a MRI and CT scan

A
  1. HIT: doctor sees a tumour and says that in fact you do have one
  2. MISS: doctor says you dont have a tumour but you actually do
  3. MISS: doctor says you do have a tumour but in fact you actually dont
  4. HIT: doctor says you dont have a tumour and you actually dont
88
Q

define criterian

A

it is a doctors subjective Preception of what they are seeing
-thus two doctors, one may be cautious and say it is a tumour even if there is a higher chance it isnt where as another doctor will trust the facts and say yo dont have a tumour when there is a slight chance you may

89
Q

define sensory adaptation

A
  • is the sensitivity to prolonged stimulation to decline over time as a organism adapts to current conditions
  • sensory neuron’s decrease activity when there is a constant stimulus
  • benefit of this is the freedom to focus on informative changes without uninformative background stimulation
90
Q

facts about Multitasking

A
  • when we use selective attention to focus in on chosen stimuli in our environment
  • involves paying attention to more than one stimulus at a time
  • makes our work 59% less valuable
  • takes 50% longer to finish tasks
91
Q

by how much does driving and using a cellphone increase the likelihood of an accident?

A

4 time

92
Q

from a neurotransmitters point of view how is multitasking perceived?

A

seen as getting a rush of dopamine from participating in multitasking

93
Q

how long does disengagement take to occur?

A

1/10 of a second

94
Q

when considering to write a paper, you sit down what are the 3 phases your body experiences when focusing?

A

PHASE 1: blood rush alert, it rushes to the anterior prefrontal cortex and a switch board tells your brain that your going to concentrate

PHASE 2: find an execute: which is the alert that carries an electrical charge

  1. searches query to identify the correct neurons to fire to complete a specific task
  2. then a command tells neurons what to do

PHASE 3: is when disengagement occurs- where blood flows back into the anterior cortex and now you are back at phase 1

95
Q

define disengagment

A

when your attention disengages from mental state of doing something

96
Q

what have scientist found distraction leads to?

A

it leads to boredom

AND NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND

97
Q

what is visual acuity

A

it is the ability to see fine detail

98
Q

what visible light?

A

it is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum that we can see

99
Q

what are the 4 properties of light waves

A
  1. length
  2. intensity/amplitude
  3. purity
  4. accommodation
100
Q

define length within the terms of light wave properties

A

it determines colour

101
Q

define what amplitude is within the terms of light wave properties

A

it determines brightness

102
Q

define purity within the terms of light wave properties

A

it is the richness of color

103
Q

define accommodation within the terms of light wave properties

A

is the process by which the eye maintains a clear image of the retina

  • far away= cilia muscles relax and ligaments flatten lens
  • near objects= cilia contracts and lens has a convex shape
104
Q

process of light going through your eye:

A

-light passes through the cornea -> to pupil
(iris surrounds )
-then goes to the lens where accommodation occurs
-and then finally to the retina where photo transduction occurs

105
Q

what can happen if accommodation occurs improperly?

A

myopia or hyperopia can occur

106
Q

what is myopia?

A

near-sightedness

107
Q

what is hyperopia

A

far- sightedness

108
Q

describe the retina

A
  • it is a light sensitive tissue lining the back of your eyeball
  • is where things are being turned into neural information
  • has receptor cells and bundle of axons that make up the optic nerve
109
Q

describe what a cone is

A
  • cones detect colour,
  • operate under normal daylight conditions
  • allows us to focus on the finer details
110
Q

describe what the fovea is

A
  • is at the centre of the retina
  • where vision is the clearest
  • there are no rods only cones
111
Q

describe what a rod is

A
  • becomes more active under low-light conditions or at night

- is a more sensitive photoreceptor than cones

112
Q

what is the process of information from the eye to the brain?

A

optic nerve -> thalamus ->relays to primary visual cortex

113
Q

where is information from your right visual field processed?

A

it is processed in the left visual cortex

114
Q

what are feature detectors?

A

specialized neurons that fire in response to edges and basically fire in orientation of the edge
- therefore different patterns for firing for different angles

115
Q

how many streams of information does the primary visual cortex have then? and what are they?

A

2

  • ventral
  • dorsal
116
Q

describe the ventral

A
  • goes across ociptal lobe and goes to lower temporal lobe

- encodes identity of objects or people

117
Q

define the dorsal stream

A
  • travels from occipital lobe and goes to parietal lobe

- tells you were the object is in the environment and directs coordination of this action

118
Q

where does the evidence of the ventral and dorsal stream come from?

A

evidence of these two distinct pathways come from brain damage cases

119
Q

describe visual-form agnosia

A
  • it is the inability to recognize objects by sight
  • this concluding that the ventral stream is not working as you can see perfectly fine but the “what is it” isn’t working
120
Q

how many rods are distributed around each retina?

A

120 million

121
Q

how many cones does each retina contain

A

6 million

122
Q

what does the distribution of cone directly effect?

A

affects visual acuity and thats why stuff in your peripheral vision isn’t so clear

123
Q

define bipolar cells

A

collect neural signals from rods and cones and then transmit them to the outermost layer of the retina

124
Q

define retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and where they come from

A
  • after bipolar cells reach outermost layer of the retina RGCs organize the signals and send them so the brain
125
Q

what is the optic nerve

A
  • bundles of RGC axons (1.5 million per eye)

- leaves eye through a hole in the retina

126
Q

define the color-opponent system

A

when pairs of visual neurons work together in opposition

127
Q

what is area V1?

A

it is part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex
-specialized in encoding edge orientation

128
Q

describe the binding problem

A

how features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free floating or miscombined features

129
Q

define an illusory conjunction

A

is a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined

130
Q

define the feature- integration theory

A
  • idea thar focused attention is not aquired to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus
  • is required to bind those ^ individual features together
131
Q

describe what perceptual constancy means

A

is when even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

132
Q

what are the 6 perceptual grouping rules Gestalt came up with?

A
  • thought that it would govern how the features and regions of things fit together
    1. simplicity
    2. closure (filling gaps)
    3. continuity
    4. similarity
    5. proximity
    6. common fate
133
Q

what is image- based object recognition?

A

is objects you have seen before are stored in your memory

134
Q

describe what a template is?

A

is a mental representation that can be directly compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image

135
Q

describe what parts- based object recognition means

A
  • proposes that the brain deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of parts
  • part inventories act as a sort of alphabet of geometric elements called geons (which can be combined to create objects)
136
Q

what is a molecular depth cue?

A

aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye

137
Q

what are 6 examples of molecular depth cues

A
  1. relative size
  2. familiar size
  3. texture gradient (cracked desert image)
  4. linear perspective (railway image)
  5. interposition (occurs when one object partly blocks another)
  6. relative height (depends on your field of perspective)
138
Q

what is binocular disparity and who it was first discussed by

A

is the difference in the retinal image of the two eyes that provides information about depth
-first discussed by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838

139
Q

what is apparent motion

A

perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations

140
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

is the failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

141
Q

define hearing

A

involves the detection of sound waves, or changes in air pressure unfolding over time

142
Q

simple sound waves=

A

pure tones

143
Q

describe a sound wave

A

-involve qualities of frequency, amplitude and timbre

144
Q

describe frequency in terms of sound waves

A

pitch: how high or low a sound is

145
Q

describe amplitude in terms of sound waves

A

is the sounds intensity

146
Q

define timbre in terms of sound waves

A

is a listeners experience of sound quality

147
Q

what 3 parts is the human ear divided into?

A
  1. outer ear
  2. middle ear
  3. inner ear
148
Q

what is the outer ears job

A

collects sound waves

149
Q

what is the middle ears job

A

transmits vibrations

150
Q

what is the inner ears job

A

transduction into neural impulses

151
Q

what structures are involved in transduction in the inner ear

A
  • cochlea
  • basliar membrane
  • hair cells
152
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

-fluid filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction

153
Q

what is the basilar membrane?

A

undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid

154
Q

what are hair cells?

A

specialized auditory receptor neuron’s embedded in the basilar membrane

155
Q

what is are A1?

A
  • portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex
156
Q

what two streams is the primary auditory cortex composed of?

A
  1. spatial

2. non spatial

157
Q

define the spatial stream

A

features that locate the sound

  • “where”
  • is located in the back/caudal auditory cortex
158
Q

describe the non spatial stream

A
  • features that locate temporal aspects of a sound
  • “what”
  • located in the lower/ventral auditory cortex
159
Q

define what a place code is

A
  • cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along basilar membrane
  • low frequencies fire at apex
  • high frequencies fire at base
160
Q

define temporal code

A

cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve

161
Q

what are the two main causes toe hearing loss?

A
  1. conductive hearing loss

2. sensorineural hearing loss

162
Q

define conductive hearing loss

A

arises because the eardrum is damaged to the point where they can’t conduct sound waves effectively to the cochlea

163
Q

define sensorineural hearing loss

A

is damage to cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve

- this happens to almost all of us

164
Q

what is a cochlear implant?

A
  • is an electronic device that replaces the function of the hair cells
  • may help sensorineural hearing loss
  • may assist in normal language development

From Flashcardlet (20 decks)

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