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From Flashcardlet > PSYCH 100 Chapters 1/2 > Flashcards

PSYCH 100 Chapters 1/2 Flashcards

0
Q

Who were the 3 men who were the basic foundation for psychology?

A

They were 3 philosophers, Rene Descartes, Plato, and Aristotle.

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1
Q

What is the definition of a true experiment?

A

it is an experiment that contains a controlled group and an a experimental group that is actually physically testing the theory

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2
Q

What did Rene Descartes have an idea about?

A

he had the idea that the mind was seperate from the body and also believed that god gave you your mind and within that was your soul.
-suggested that the mind influenced the body through a tiny structure near the bottom of the brain known as the pineal gland.
This is also known as Dualism.

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3
Q

What did Plato believe about certain types of knowledge?

A

he believed that certain types of knowledge was innate or inborn

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4
Q

What idea did Aristotle have?

A

the idea that all knowledge was obtained through experience

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5
Q

Definition of Ontology?

A

the nature of human experience

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6
Q

Definition of Epistemology?

A

the nature of knowledge

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7
Q

Regarding Rene Descartes belief about the mind and body how has his idea changed in contemporary life?

A

Descartes believed that the mind and body were separate but nowadays people consider the mind and body the same thing, where as some psychologists are going back to descartes idea but evolving it, saying that they should be viewed as the brain giving the mind the ability to do a variety of things such as memory.

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8
Q

what two fields of disciplines is psychology in the middle of?

A

Sciences and philosophy. the more we refer to the brain and mind as the same thing the farther away we move from philosophy

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9
Q

What do interactionists believe in?

A

an interactionist is a person that doesnt believe it is either all scienc eor all philosophy. They are the people trying to figure out how these two fields are colliding to form psychology.

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10
Q

Who was William Wundt

A
  • in 1879 he conducted an experiment that measure peoples reaction time
  • he was interested in sensation and perception and had a method to observing this called: introspection
  • this was key for the time as no one had ever done this before and it was the idea that our thinking can interfere with our reaction time.
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11
Q

Who was Franz Gall?

A
  • he tried to turn thinking into a science
  • he studied disease brains of children, adults and elderly people concluding that mental ability increases with a larger brain and decreases with damage to the brain this soon becoming the theoryof Phreology
  • he was one of the first to say that different parts of the brain do different things
  • he was trying to figure out the concepts around personality
  • his experiments were quickly discredited as he believed that bumps on peoples skull revealed information on brain shape.
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12
Q

What was Hemholtz measuring?

A

he was measuring the nerve impulses that reflected psychological things

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13
Q

Who was William James and what did he say?

A

he was an american that said “lets think about the adaptive nature of the mind and lets think about how our thinking helps us adapt to our environment”

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14
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud?

A
  • 1856 till 1939
  • he was very interested in the unconscious mind
  • throughout his studies linked much of his evidence to sex and aggression
  • he believed that to understands ones present you had to consider what had happened to that certain person in their childhood.
  • he didn’t use any scientific methods and most of his theories originated from his own childhood experiences.
  • these theories were more accepted on the european side rather than american
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15
Q

Definition of unconscious?

A

part of the mind that operates outside of awareness, but influences conscious thoughts,feelings, and actions.

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16
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Theory?

A

its an approach to understanding human behaviour that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviours.

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17
Q

Define Psychoanalysis?

A

therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing the unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders
- this is what Freud was trying to do

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18
Q

What is Behaviourism and what 3 men believed in this approach to psychology?

A
  • the thought that behaviour is controlled through our environment
  • Ivian Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner
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19
Q

Who was Ivian Pavlov?

A
  • 1849 till 1936
  • he discovered conditioned reflexes through an experiment where he trains a dog to only start creating saliva for his meal when he hears this bell, rather than anticipating it and creating unnecessary saliva
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20
Q

Who was John Watson?

A
  • 1878 till 1958
  • he extended Pavlov’s approach to human behaviours
  • he did this by conducting an experiment where loud noises go off around a baby when it sees a rat and as they continue t repeat this, soon even a similar fluffy thing such as a bunny or small dog will now trigger the baby to cry
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21
Q

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A
  • 1904 till 1979
  • furthered John Watson’s experiments on behaviour, learning and conditioning through the theory of rewards and punishment.
  • also the idea of what made people gamble their odds interested him
  • in his experiment he conditioned pigeons to play ping pong rewarding the one pigeon who got it past the others side.
  • created the “Skinners Box”
  • suggests that free will is an illusion
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22
Q

Define Humanistic Psychology and who believed in this approach

A
  • it is the approach to understanding human nature, emphasizing the positive potential of human beings.
  • Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
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23
Q

Who were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers?

A
  • these men pioneered a new humanistic psychology movement
  • they believed that human nature was positive, that parents loved their children unconditionally, as well as believed in ideas of selt-esteem and self worth
  • this became an american movement
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24
Q

Define Cognitive Psychology

A

is the scientific study of how perception, thought,memory, and reasoning are processed
-emphasizes on how the mental process influences behaviour

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25
Q

Define Social Psychology

A

studies of the thoughts,feelings,and behaviours of individuals and how they are influenced by the presence of others.

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26
Q

what is the mind vs. what is behaviour

A

The mind is the private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories and feelings where behaviour is the observable actions of human beings and animals.

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27
Q

Who was William James and what did he believe in?

A

he believed that the influence of a habit could help explain the seemingly bizarre actions of “absented minded” people
-After he completed his medical degree at Harvard he became a professor at Harvard and devoted the rest of his life to psychology.

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28
Q

What is Physiology?

A

it is the study of biological processes, especially in the human body

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29
Q

What is functionalism and who approached psychology this way?

A

William James

and it was the study of mental processes that serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

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30
Q

Describe Hysteria

A

it is a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, and is usually a response of emotionally upsetting experiences
-this particular isorder was ignored by Wundt andTitchner

31
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

it emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

32
Q

Define Behavioural Neuroscience

A

is an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes.

33
Q

Define Evolutionary Psychology

A

it explains mind and behaviour in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

34
Q

Definition of empiricism?

A

belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired knowledge through observation
-essential element in scientific methods

35
Q

Define Scientific Method

A

set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence
-Novvum Organum came up with this method

36
Q

What is the rule of Parsimony?

A

it is that the simplest theory explains that all the evidence is the best one
-often credited to William Oakham

37
Q

Define a theory vs a hypothesis

A

a theory is a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon whereas a hypothesis is a falsifiable prediction made by a theory

38
Q

Definition of a variable

A

any characteristic that can vary and can be measured

39
Q

Define Validity

A

extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related

40
Q

define reliability

A

tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

41
Q

Define Power

A

ability of measurement to detect the concrete conditions specified in the apparitional Defintion
-this is related to the size of effect

42
Q

What happens if people have expectations surrounding an experiement?

A
  • their expectations can cause the phenomena the expect

ex) the stock market crash

43
Q

What are Deman Characteristics?

A

are aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should
- this can be controlled by not revealing the purpose of the study

44
Q

Define a Naturalistic Observation

A

is a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
-also known as descriptive research

45
Q

What is Observer Bias

A

it is not the bias of the participants but the researchers who let their knowledge of the experiment goals or hypothesis influence their observations

46
Q

Define Double-Blind

A

observations whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed

47
Q

Define Mode

A

is the value of the most frequently observed measurement

48
Q

Define Mean

A

is the average value of all the measurements divided by the number of values

49
Q

Define Median

A

value that is in the middle

50
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of the disribution

51
Q

What is Frequency Distribution?

A

graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made

52
Q

What is Skewed Distribution?

A

is when the mean, mode, and median all have different averages
ex) having an outlier

53
Q

What is the ultimate goal with scientific research?

A
  • discovery of casual relationships between properties

- study the patterns of variation in a series of measurements

54
Q

What are correlational studies?

A
  • descriptive methods are used to systematically observe and describe behaviour (using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation)
  • is designed so that if there is a relationship between two phenomena we can find these findings from natural observations and surveys
55
Q

What is the correlation Coeffiecient (r)

A
  • it tells us how closely two things are related and thus how well a variable predicts the other
    ex) height and weight
  • (r) changes from -1, 0, +1 where 0 has no correlations
56
Q

Define a negative correlation

A

it occurs when there is an increase in one variable relating to the decrease in another variable

57
Q

does correlation prove causation? why or why not?

A

NO

-because the third variable exists and the bidirectionally problem

58
Q

Define the Third-Variable Correlation

A

fact that two variables are correlated only because each is casually related to the variable

59
Q

Define Matched samples

A

technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a 3rd variable
ex) children in both groups are supervised on a computer

60
Q

Define Matched Pairs

A

a tecnique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a 3rd variable

61
Q

What is an independent variable

A

(IV)

is a variable that is manipulated in an experiment this forming two groups an controlled group and experimental group

62
Q

WHat is random sampling

A

its when every member of a population has the same probability of being in you sub-population

63
Q

What is a representative sample

A

its a sample of participants who reflect the important characteristics of the population

64
Q

Describe random assignment

A
  • this is necessary for a true experiment

- and it is to control all your variables except the on your manipulating

65
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

these are any variables other than the IV and DV

66
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

these are extraneous variable that change systematically along with IV and DV

67
Q

What is the Null Hypothesis??

A

thought that there is no significant differences between the populations, any observed difference after “treatment IV” are due to sampling or experimental error
-you are trying to disprove the Null when conducting an experiement

68
Q

Within the Null Hypothesis what is the p-value and what are some of its characteristics?

A

:p-value is the probability that random assignment has failed
-the p value is = to 5% but if the p value is smaller than this we reject the Null Hypothesis and accept that the samples are truly different with regards to the outcome but if the p value is greater that 5% we must accept the Null Hypothesis and conclude that treatment or the predictor variable had no effect on the outcome.

69
Q

Define Internal Validity

A

characteristic of an experiment that established the casual relationship between variables

70
Q

Define External Validity

A

property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in normal, or typical/ realistic ways

71
Q

What is an instrument

A

anything that can detect the condition to which an opperational definition refers
-a good instrument has reliability and power

72
Q

In the 1800s Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between_________?

A

The mind and the brain

73
Q

Who helped William James establish functionalism as a major school of psychological thought in North America?

A

G. Stanley Hall

74
Q

Who developed the concept of reinforcement?

A

B.F. Skinner

75
Q

What was Mary Calkins the first women to do?

A

Become the first women president of the APA

76
Q

Kenneth Clarks research influenced what?

A

It influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools

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