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From Flashcardlet > PSYCH 102 Chapter 13/14 > Flashcards

PSYCH 102 Chapter 13/14 Flashcards

0
Q

define prejudice

A

a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

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1
Q

define social psychology

A

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

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2
Q

describe discrimination

A

a positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership

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3
Q

what is the common knowledge effect?

A

tendency for a group discussion to focus on information that all members share

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4
Q

define group polarization

A

-tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

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5
Q

what does ‘groupthink’ mean?

A
  • it is the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
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6
Q

define deindividuation

A

phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

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7
Q

define social loafing

A

tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone

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8
Q

define altruism

A

-behaviour that benefits another without benefitting oneself

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9
Q

what is Kin Selection?

A

-process by which evolution selects individuals who cooperate with their relatives

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10
Q

define reciprocal altruism

A
  • behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
  • considered similar to cooperation over time
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11
Q

define the Mere Exposure effect

A

-tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

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12
Q

Is similarity desired both physically and mentally?

A

yes

  • people in all cultures seem to prefer faces and bodies that are bilaterally similar
  • and similarity in personality makes conversation easier and the probability of agreeing higher
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13
Q

what is the probability of marriage by 40 for american men and american women?

A

men: 81%
women: 86%

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14
Q

what oercentage of americans said they wouldn’t marry without love?

A

85%

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15
Q

define the two types of love:

A
  • Passionate: experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual tension
  • Companionate: experience involving affection, trust, and a concern for partners well being
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16
Q

define social exchange

A

-hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

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17
Q

define the comparison level

A

-is the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or cold attain in another relationship

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18
Q

define equity

A

-is a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratio’s of two partners are roughly equal

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19
Q

define social influence

A

-ability to control another person’s behaviour

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20
Q

what are 3 basic components that make people susceptible to social influence and define them as well?

A
  1. hedonic motive: motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain
  2. approval motive: motivated to be accepted and to avoid rejection
  3. accuracy motive: motivated to believe whats right and avoid believing whats wrong
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21
Q

define ‘norms’

A

-customary standards for behaviour that is widely shared by members of a culture

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22
Q

define the norm of reciprocity

A

-unwritten that people should benefits those who have benefitted them

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23
Q

define normative influence:

A

-phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate

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24
Q

define the door-in-the-face-technique:

A

influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an instal request

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25
Q

define informational influence

A

-phenomenon that occurs when another persons behaviour provides information about what is true

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26
Q

define persuasion

A

-occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influence by communication from another person

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27
Q

what is systematic persuasion ?

A

-process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

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28
Q

what is heuristic persuasion

A

-process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

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29
Q

define cognitive dissonance

A

-unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs

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30
Q

define social cognition

A

-process by which people come to understand others

31
Q

define attribution

A

inference about the cause of a person behaviour

32
Q

what are the 4 species that are ultra-social

A
  • humans
  • ants
  • bees
  • naked mole rats
33
Q

define agression

A

behaviour whose purpose is to harm another

  • often a response to frustration
  • violence increases on hot days
34
Q

what is the theory of frustration-aggression?

A

that frustration is clearly linked to aggression

35
Q

what 5 things does the frustration-aggression hypothesis not include within their variables?

A
  • other factors: ex)hungry or traits
  • not everyone gets aggressive and can deal with it in different ways
  • doesn’t explain reasoning behind why
  • only relates aggression to meeting your goals
  • doesn’t explain individuals intensity in aggression
36
Q

what are 3 factors that effect aggression

A
  • genetics
  • neural factors
  • biochemistry
37
Q

mens aggression =
vs
women’s aggression=

A

mens= impulsive
and
women’s= planning and social

38
Q

In the video on a ethnic minority, Caucasian male, and a white blonde female what did you notice about how people around them acted?

A
  • white actor: once people asked him questions and figured out he was stealing the bike no one did anything
  • african american actor-: he received more questions and no one gave him the benefit of the doubt and one guy called 911 and was yelling at the actor
  • white blonde female: actually got asked if she needed help to steal the bike
39
Q

do opposites attract?

A

not usually

-50% divorce rate in canada

40
Q

what occurred within the Stanley Milligram experiment?

A
  • he wanted to find out if people are obedient when there are people superior to them or telling them to do something
  • he had one teacher and one learner; teacher would “shock” learner if they answered a question and they would be instructed to increase the voltage everytime and when the learner was to be “shocked” a tape record of screaming was play instead back to the teacher
  • 62% went against morals and all the way to the end of the voltage board
41
Q

what factors increased the pressure in Stanley Milligrams experiment ?

A
  • presence of an authority figure
  • repetition of same instruction
  • instructor took responsibility for harm done to the learner
  • pressure caused them to think they had no choice even though the test was voluntary
42
Q

define what occurred in the Asch experiment:

A
  • placed one subject amongst actors who all replied to if the sizes of the lines were the same
  • wanted to test what it takes for people to conform
  • he also tested this within an elevator having a group of actors turn and all face a direction opposite to the subject and see if he conforms and turns the same way
  • people conformed 37% of the time and refused 25% of the time
43
Q

define stress

A

is a physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

44
Q

describe what a stressor is:

A

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well being

45
Q

what is health psychology?

A

is a subfield of psychology concerned with ways of psychological factors influencing the case and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

46
Q

what decreases and stress increases?

A

white blood cell count

47
Q

define what an internal stressor is:

A
  • messages you tell yourself or vision of self

ex) “you can’t do it” or “your stupid, why do you even try”

48
Q

what are some examples of external stressors?

A
  • money
  • job security
  • health
  • future
  • happiness
49
Q

what is rumination?

A
  • occurs when a specific stressor becomes a chronic stressor

ex) death of a family member

50
Q

define a chronic stressor:

A
  • sources of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly
  • effects can accumulate and be long-lasting
  • have been shown to be linked to environments through environmental psychology
51
Q

what makes an event stressful?

A
  • perceived control
  • when we think we have even just a little bit of control we are more likely to begin problem solving and when solutions are being discovered we are more likely to see a decrease in our stress levels
52
Q

describe the flight or fight response:

A
  • emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
  • occurs in hippocampus
  • stimulates nearby pituitary gland
  • which then releases ACTH, the HPA axis, catecholamines and cristol
53
Q

what is the general adaption syndrome?

A
  • GAS
  • is a three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor encountered
  • this idea was developed by Hans Selye
54
Q

what were + define the 3 stages that Han Selye created within GAS:

A
  1. alarm phase: rapid mobilization
  2. resistance phase: adaptation and coping
  3. exhaustion phase: collapse
55
Q

what are telomeres?

A

-caps at the end of each chromosome that protects the and of the chromosomes and prevents them from sticking together

56
Q

what is a telomerase?

A

-is an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres at the tips of chromosomes

57
Q

what are some facts about Coronary Heart Disease:

A

-in a study of 2,280 men over the course of 33 years
>45 suffered Coronary heart diseases (CHD)incidents such as a heart attack
>these incidents occurred more frequently in a group who initially scored about the 80th percentile in hostility.

58
Q

how is personalty linked to stress? Define how it effects the two different types of personailties:

A

-part of stress reasoning is how we respond
-type A: are easy to anger, perfectionists, urgent and competitive
-type B: are laid back, and slow to anger
-in a study of 3000 men with cardiovascular health
>258 had heart attacks within 9 years
>2/3 were type A and 1/3 was type B

59
Q

what is the single best predictor for men on whether or not they are going to have a heart disease?

A

hostility

60
Q

what are 6 ways of dealing with stress?

A
  • mind control
  • repressive and rational coping
  • reframing
  • stress inoculation
  • body management techniques
  • humor
61
Q

How have doctors been able to put a number on the intensity of peoples pain?

A

is to have people compare their pain to pictures of the external expression related to the internal state

62
Q

what occurred in the chronic stress video of the baboons?

A
  • for mammals stress is a form of survival
  • is measurable and not just a state of mind
  • baboons get stressed out from their own kind
  • researchers wanted to identify the correlation between baboons and their hierarchy within their groups
  • studies showed that baboons who are dominant demonstrated lower stress levels that the low-ranked baboons
63
Q

what occurred in the White Hall study (video)

A

-researchers wanted to discover if there was a link between your rank in your job and your stress level
-there was a strong correlation
-lawyer is under chronic stress versus and senior servant whom of which both work under the civil service and are fully covered medically so that is not a variable in stress relations
-this study showed the lower you are in the hierarchy- the higher your health risks are
> lawyer has been sick for 1/2 the time he has worked under the civil service where senior servant worker hasn’t used a single sick day since working there

64
Q

what is your immune system?

A

-a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances

65
Q

what is a lymphocyte?

A

are white blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection, including T cells and B cells

66
Q

define repressive coping:

A

-is avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

67
Q

define stress inoculation training :

A
  • SIT
  • is a reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation
68
Q

what is relaxation therapy

A

-technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body

69
Q

describe a relaxation response:

A

-is a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure

70
Q

define biofeedback:

A

-use of external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possible gain control over that function

71
Q

define psychosomatic illness:

A

-is an interaction between mind and body that can produce illness

72
Q

describe the “sick role”:

A

-is a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness

73
Q

define what a somatic symptom disorder is:

A

-is a set of psychological disorders in which a person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportionate concerns about their symptoms or health concerns

74
Q

describe what self regulation is:

A

-the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards

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