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PSYCH 110 > PSYCH 110 Exam 2 (Chp. 6) > Flashcards

PSYCH 110 Exam 2 (Chp. 6) Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Change in behavior or knowledge/skill that is due to experience

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2
Q

Non-associative learning

A

learning from repeated exposure to a stimulus

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

learning through association

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4
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning through consequences

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5
Q

Social/Observational Learning

A

learning through imitation

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6
Q

What was the Pavlov’s dogs experiment?

A

Pavlov trained their dogs to begin salivating at the sound of a bell. This happened through classical conditioning. Before feeding them, Pavlov would ring a bell. Overtime, the dogs began to ASSOCIATE the sound of the bell to being fed meat.

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7
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that provokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning

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8
Q

Part of Pavlov’s experiment that acted as the UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

A

the meat (dogs will desire meat without being conditioned to do so)

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9
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

unlearned reaction that occurs w/o conditioning/ a reflex

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10
Q

Part of Pavlov’s experiment that acted as the UCR (unconditioned response)

A

salivating (dogs don’t have to be taught to salivate)

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11
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that has acquired meaning through conditioning and the capacity to evoke a response

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12
Q

Part of Pavlov’s experiment that acted as the CS (conditioned stimulus)

A

the bell (dogs had no relation to bell, until it started being used while they were being fed. then, they built an ASSOCIATION to it)

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13
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning

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14
Q

Part of Pavlov’s experiment that acted as the CR (conditioned response)

A

the dogs salivating to the bell

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15
Q

The smell of play-dough and crayons makes you think back to your childhood. What is this an result of?

A

Classical Conditioning. You have built an association between the smells and your childhood, and it provokes an emotional response.

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16
Q

What are phobias often the result of?

A

classical conditioning

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17
Q

Contiguity (timing)

A

You apply the CS (conditioned stimulus) a little before the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) and it ends with the UCS

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18
Q

In the movie Jaws, every time a shark attack is about to happen, they play a certain sound right before. What is this an example of?

A

contiguity. you apply the sound (the conditioned stimulus) right before the unconditioned stimulus.

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19
Q

Novelty

A

a new stimulus you have no associations to

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20
Q

Biological Preparedness

A

prepared stimuli that we are evolutionary prepared to learn more easily

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21
Q

What causes the strongest associations in classical conditioning?

A

contiguity, novelty (you learn faster because you have no other associations with stimulus), biological preparedness (inherently learn easier)

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22
Q

In the experiment with Garcia’s rats, it was found that it’s easier to condition taste or smell with nausea than it is to condition light or sound with nausea. Why is this?

A

We are biologically prepared to pair internal threats with internal stimulus and external threats with external stimulus.

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23
Q

Monkeys and humans being “hard-wired” to fear snakes is an example of what?

A

biological preparedness

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24
Q

What is extinction (as it relates to classical conditioning)?

A

If you continuously present the CS (conditioned stimulus) without the UCS (unconditioned stimulus), the CR (conditioned response) with extinguish

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25
Q

If Pavlov were to constantly ring the bell (CS) without giving the dogs meat (UCS), what would happen?

A

extinction would occur and the dog would stop salivating at the bell (or stop the CR)

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26
Q

What is spontaneous recovery (as it relates to classical conditioning)?

A

when the CR (conditioned response) rebounds after a time of no exposure to the CS (conditioned stimulus)

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27
Q

What does spontaneous recovery imply?

A

that we don’t actually “unlearn” the original association, rather the initial extinction means we learned a NEW response to it (instead of having no response all together)

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28
Q

What is discrimination (as it relates to classical conditioning)?

A

differentiating between two similar stimulus when one is consistently associated with an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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29
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning controlled by consequences of a behavior

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30
Q

Reinforcement

A

occurs when the consequences of a behavior INCREASES an organisms tendency to respond the same way

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31
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

response increases because a positive is received

32
Q

Giving your child a reward for making the bed is an example of what?

A

positive reinforcement

33
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

response increases because a negative is removed

34
Q

No longer nagging your child after they makes their bed is an example of what?

A

negative reinforcement

35
Q

Punishment

A

occurs when the consequence of behavior DECREASES tendency to make that response in the future

36
Q

Positive Punishment

A

response decreases because a negative is received

37
Q

Spanking your child for not making the bed is an example of what?

A

positive punishment

38
Q

Negative Punishment

A

response decreases because a positive is removed

39
Q

Taking away your child’s cellphone because they didn’t make the bed is an example of what?

A

negative punishment

40
Q

Between reinforcement and punishment, which is preferable? Why?

A

Reinforcement; positive punishment can carry unintended consequences like associating the punisher as the bad thing instead of the unwanted behavior

41
Q

True or False: positive reinforcement is when the absence of a bad thing increases behavior

A

FALSE; positive reinforcement is when the presences if a good thing increases behvior

42
Q

True or False: negative reinforcement is when the absence of a bad thing increases behavior

A

TRUE

43
Q

True or False: positive punishment is when the presence of a bad thing decreases behavior

A

TRUE

44
Q

True or False: negative punishment is when the absence of a good thing decreases behavior

A

TRUE

45
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcement of closer approximations of a behavior until desired behavior is reached

46
Q

Chaining

A

reinforcing multiple PREVIOUSLY learned behaviors into one behavioral sequence in the right order

47
Q

Main differences between shaping and chaining

A

Shaping happens when learning to do ONE thing for the FIRST time white Chaining is learning how to do MULTIPLE PREVIOUSLY learned things in a sequence

48
Q

How do you build a chain (of behavior)?

A

reinforce each individual behavior as it occurs (in order), then withhold reinforcement until 2 behaviors are done in chain, the 3 behaviors, and so on.

49
Q

What is the over-justification effect?

A

if you reward a behavior that otherwise was inherently interesting or rewarding, you can reduce interest in engaging in the behavior without reward.

50
Q

Let’s say you really like to draw in your free time. One day, you began getting awarded for drawing in your free time. After two weeks, the rewarding stops. As a result, you stop having interest in drawing. What’s the explanation for this?

A

The over-justification effect

51
Q

What is a resistance to extinction?

A

when an unreinforced behavior continues to be emitted, often due to types of reinforcers or schedule used

52
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

events that are INHERENTLY reinforcing because they satisfy basic or biological needs (sweet tastes. social approval, loud noises, pain, etc.)

53
Q

When you wear sunglasses, you find that more people talk to you and compliment you (social approval). You show a NEED to wear sunglasses more as a result of this. What is social approval an example of?

A

A primary reinforcer; social approval is something human beings inherently desire

54
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

events that acquire reinforcing qualities through associations (money, grades, the “clicker” for training animals, etc.)

55
Q

Money is associated with you being able to purchase what you want. As a result, you do more of the things that make you money. What is money an example of?

A

A secondary reinforcer; money takes on reinforcing qualities because of the associations it holds

56
Q

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

A

when every instance of desired behavior is reinforced; good for initial learning (e.g., house-training a puppy)

57
Q

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

A

when the desired behavior is reinforced only some of the time; can be better for long-term persistence of behavior

58
Q

Variable Schedule

A

reinforcement occurs after an UNPREDICTABLE number of responses; leads to greatest resistance to extinction (e.g., gambling)

59
Q

What is superstitious behavior a result of?

A

RANDOM reinforcement schedules; behavior is reinforced aty random times and false associations begin to be made as to why that reinforcement happens (e.g., when you passed two of your PSYCH exam you were coincidentally wearing blue, so you believe that wearing blue makes you do well on your exams)

60
Q

Types of non-associative learning

A

Habituation and Sensitization

61
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in behavioral response after REPEATED
exposure to a stimulus

62
Q

You move to a city. At first, the sirens in the city shock you. After living there for a month, you no longer respond to the sirens. What is this an example of?

A

Habituation; no longer responding to a stimulus after learned it’s unimportant

63
Q

Dishabituation

A

increased response to a change in something familiar

64
Q

Every time you walk into your favorite grocery store, the old man who works as the greeter smiles and waves at you. One day, the old man doesn’t acknowledge you at all when you go in. This feels strange. What is causing this feeling?

A

dishabituation; an increased response when something that usually happens changes

65
Q

Sensitization

A

increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

66
Q

What kind of stimuli leads to sensitization?

A

stimuli that is important (exp. something threatening, painful, etc.)

67
Q

Generalization (as it relates to classical conditioning

A

when learned CR (conditioned response) to one CS (conditioned stimulus) generalizes to other similar CS

68
Q

Pavlov’s dogs salivating at a specific kind of bell, but not any other bell is an example of what?

A

discrimination; there’s a differentiation from the bell associated with receiving meat and some other bell

69
Q

In the Little Albert experiment, experimenters made a loud sound every time little Albert would hold a white rat, creating a negative association. Overtime, it was found that little Albert was also afraid of white fur coats, bunnies, Santa Claus, etc. Why is this?

A

generalization; those other stimuli are similar to the white rat that Albert is afraid of so he is also afraid of those stimuli (he’s made a generalization)

70
Q

Applauding at shows after seeing everyone else applaud, adhering to cultural norms when traveling, etc. are all examples of what?

A

social/observational learning; we model the behavior of those we see around us

71
Q

What features lead to higher likelihood of observational learning?

A

vicarious reinforcement and punishment; and if the person to be imitated evokes strong emotions or is well liked

72
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment

A

Higher impact on learning when the other (the person to be imitated) receives STRONG positive or negative consequences

73
Q

Someone in PSYCH participates by answering a question. Gardner says she will give them an A in the class for participating. This makes you want to participate too. What is this an example of?

A

vicarious reinforcement; the student received a STONG positive consequence for doing something, this makes you more likely to want to imitate their behavior

74
Q

Smokers in television transformed from being depicted as attractive and cool to being depicted as villainous, poorer, etc. As a result, interest in smoking has lowered. Why is this?

A

We have a higher likelihood of imitating people who are liked/admired; so if certain behavior is demonized or seen in a poor light there’s a lower likelihood for it to be imitated

75
Q

Most people have a higher likelihood to imitate their parents than some stranger. Why is this?

A

Stronger social/observational learning happens when the person to be imitated evokes strong emotions (you feel connected to your parents)

PSYCH 110 (6 decks)

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