PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 14) Flashcards

(52 cards)

1
Q

How is disordered behavior defined?

A

3 criteria; deviance from social norms of acceptability, *maladaptive to the individual, **cause of personal distress or risk of harm to self/others

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2
Q

Deviance from Social Norms of Acceptability

A

what is “abnormal” differs across cultures and across times in history (e.g., Great Depression, no one threw away anything – now the same behavior is refelctive of the disorder hoarding)

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3
Q

Maladaptive to the Individual

A

interferes with at least one large sphere of life –work,
relationships, etc

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4
Q

Cause of Personal Distress of Harm to Self/Others

A

one can behave very differently from social norms
–if it is not maladaptive, nor increased distress…it
is NOT a disorder

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5
Q

Clinical Disorders

A

generally more severe, can be temporary or long-lasting, result in a low level of functioning and/or high distress, leading to diagnosis

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6
Q

Personality Disorders

A

milder disorders, longstanding, usually a higher level of functioning, may not necessarily seek treatment

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7
Q

What is the DSM5?

A

diagnostic manual; provides a common language/dictionary for professionals to discuss common clusters of symptoms

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8
Q

T/F: Depression is a internalizing, mood disorder

A

true

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9
Q

What is depression?

A

the presence of a sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes – significantly impact an individual’s ability to function

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10
Q

Consequences of Depression

A

worsens the outcome of other common diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease; strongest risk for suicide

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11
Q

How widespread is depression?

A

4th in disease burden; number 1 cause of disability worldwide; 1 in 3 people will have a least 1 episode of major depression in lifetime; 64% of college students in US report feeling sad; 34% of college students report at least once in the past 12 months felt so depressed difficult to function

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12
Q

Where do different depressive disorders differ?

A

duration, timing, etiology (causation)

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13
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A

5 or more of the listed 9 symptoms in DSM5; and either depressed mood and/or diminished interest/pleasure (most of the day nearly every day); 2-week period; causes significant distress or impairment in important
areas of functioning

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14
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

A

depressed mood (most of the day nearly every day); 2 or more symptoms in DSM5; 2 years – w/o a break lasting more than 2 months at a time; causes significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

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15
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A

at least one symptom from list B, at least one symptom from list C, at least 5 symptoms total across lists B and C in DSM5; present in the final week before the onset of menses and start to improve within a few days of the start of menses, and become minimal/absent in the week post menses; causes significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

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16
Q

Other Specified Depressive Disorder

A

depression that significantly affects someone but doesn’t fit other specific depressive disorders, a catch-all term

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17
Q

Depression Specifiers

A

with seasonal patterns and with peripartum onset

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18
Q

Seasonal Pattern (in depression)

A

been a regular and temporal relationship between the onset of depression and a particular time of the year; full remissions also occur at a characteristic time of the year; episodes like these happened at least twice in the past 2 years

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19
Q

Peripartum Onset

A

if onset of mood symptoms occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery; 50% of ‘postpartum’ major depressive episodes actually begin before delivery, thus collectively referred to as peripartum

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20
Q

Heritability of Depression

A

concordance rates for Identical twins are 2-3
times higher rates than fraternal twins

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21
Q

T/F: Depression is polygenetic

A

true; more than one gene is implicated in having depression

22
Q

T/F: Depression involves just one monoamine

23
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

interaction between a predispositional vulnerability (the diathesis) and stress caused life experiences

24
Q

What causes Depression?

A

diathesis stress model, life stress, and buffers

25
Types of Life Stress
chronic (long-time)/acute (one-time); interpersonal (break-up)/non-interpersonal (flat tire); threat (lost job)/loss (death)
26
Cognitive Processes
overgeneralizing (one bad thing happens and you generalize it to everything), catastrophizing, black and white thinking, personalization (acting like every single thing is your fault), external locus of control, vew of negative events stable and global (out of control and will persist)
27
Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders
30% for lifetime prevalence; 61% college students suffer frequent (subclinical) anxiety; millennials and GenZ suffer the highest rates of anxiety disorders in general
28
How are anxiety disorders characterized?
severe, irrational fear or worry that disrupts functioning -- but different types
29
Generalized Anxiety
chronic high level of anxiety without a specific focus; “free floating” anxiety
30
Symptom of Generalized Anxiety
hypervigilance - attentional bias toward potential threats, or even threat words
31
Phobias
specific fear of an object or action; irrationally exaggerated, interferes with life
32
Most common phobia?
public speaking/social anxiety; 5-13% of general population
33
Social Anxiety
fear of speaking, eating or performing in public, or of social interaction more generally; can be general or focused on performance situations (public speaking) or interactional situations (casual convos)
34
Risk factor of social anxiety
inhibited temperament
35
Panic Disorder
recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety and terror
36
What does a panic attack feel like?
feels like you're dying; overwhelming sense of doom
37
What's the most painful/scary part of panic disorders? And what are the effects?
fear of having a panic attack impairs people more than the actual attacks do; can reduce a person's ability to be in public, drive a car, go out of the house
38
How heritable is panic disorder?
moderately heritable; 40%
39
What may panic disorder result from?
anxiety sensitivity - oversensitivity to one's on physiological responses - triggers feelings of panic
40
What may anxiety sensitivity reflect?
increased arousal of central nervous system - especially sympathetic fight/flight responses
41
What can exacerbate/aggravate panic disorder?
caffeine use or smoking
42
What is Bipolar Disorder?
experience of mania; rare compared to depression - 4% prevalence
43
Mania Symptoms include...
feelings of elation - racing thoughts, faster than normal speech, grandiosity/inflated self esteem - hyperactive/lack of sleep, hypersocial, impulsive behavior (like overspending)
44
Bipolar 1
one full episode of mania lasting a week or longer or requiring hospitalization; can also include depression (but not required for diagnosis)
45
Bipolar 2
hypomania (subclinical mania, less extreme); plus at least one depressive episode; extremely difficult to diagnose and treat because hypomania leaves a person fully functional and it feels good, so many bipolar 2 patients are not seen until they get depressed (which usually results in them getting diagnosed with depression rather than bipolar disorder)
46
Schizophrenia
split mind; disturbances of thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional processes; relatively low prevalence (0.5-1%)
47
When does schizophrenia usually emerge?
late teens and 20s
48
Core symptoms of Schizophrenia
delusions/irrational thoughts(*); hallucinations - can be of any sense, but usually auditory(*); disorganized incoherent speech - loose associations and word salad(*); disorganized/strange behavior; disturbed emotional express/flat affect; NEED TO HAVE 2 OR MORE OF THESE (AT LEAST ONE OF THE STARRED ONES) FOR 6 MONTHS OR LONGER TO BE DIAGNOSED
49
Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
presence of experiences that are non-normative; hallucinations or delusions
50
Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
lack/absence of experiences that are normative; flat affect, lack of motivation, or lack of sociality
51
T/F: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are easier to treat than negative
true
52
T/F: negative symptoms are more common in women
false