PSYCH 1200 CH.9

Question 1

Phoneme

Answer 1

unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than a random noise ex. letters b,p,

Question 2

phonological rules

Answer 2

indicate how phonemes can be combined to forma words

Question 3

morphemes

Answer 3

the smallest meaningful units of language
ex. the word dog has meaning when you add an ‘s’ to it the meaning changes

Question 4

morphological rule

Answer 4

indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words
content morpheme- refer to things and events (dog, cat)
function morphemes- is grammatical functions (and, or, but)

Question 5

syntactic rules

Answer 5

indicate how words can be combine to form phrases or sentences

Question 6

3 characteristics of language development

Answer 6

1. children learn language fast
2. make few errors
3. comprehension is better than language

Question 7

speech sounds

Answer 7

infants can distinguish all human phonemes by 6 month

Question 8

behaviourists explanations

theories of language development

Answer 8

B.F Skinner
language is learned through opperant conditioning (reinforcement/ punishment) and imitation parents spend their time teaching language

Question 9

nativist theory

theories of language development

Answer 9

language is innate, biological capacity (chomsky) believed that the brain is equipped with universal grammar (language learning)

Question 10

brocas area of the brain

Answer 10

left frontal cortex: language production

Question 11

wernickes’s area of the brain

Answer 11

left temporal cortex language comprehension

Question 12

aphasia

Answer 12

not being able to produce or comprehend language

Question 13

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 13

language shapes the nature of thought originated by Benjamin Whorf

Question 14

concept

Answer 14

objects events or other stimuli concieved in the mind

Question 15

necessary condition

Answer 15

something that must be true of the object to belong to the category
ex. thinking an animal is a dog because it looks similar to one

Question 16

sufficient conditioning

Answer 16

something that is true of the object, proves it belong to the category
german shepherd= dog

Question 17

prototype theory

Answer 17

object classified by comparing them to the best or more typical member of a category
ex. a dog has hair, snout, four legs

Question 18

exemplar theory

Answer 18

comparing stored memories with new instances
ex. thinking a coyote is your dog while walking

Question 19

rational choice theory

Answer 19

judging the value of outcome and then multiplying the two
picking the outcome that seems better

Question 20

heuristic

Answer 20

efficient strategy that make decision making easier but doesn’t gaurentee a solution

Question 21

availability heuristic

Answer 21

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

Question 22

representativeness heuristics

Answer 22

making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event with a stereotype

Question 23

conjunction fallacy

Answer 23

2 events occur rather than individually

Question 24

decision making errors
-prospect theory

Answer 24

people take risks with potential losses and avoid risks with potential gains

Question 25

optimism bias

Answer 25

the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate the likelihood of negative events.

Question 26

belief bias

Answer 26

distortion of judgements about conclusions of arguments causing people to focus on believability rather than logic

Question 27

illusory truth effect

Answer 27

repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that people believe the statement is true

Question 28

illusion of explanatory depth

Answer 28

people dont know something when they think they do

Question 29

universal grammar

Answer 29

process that facilitate language learning

Question 30

sunk cost fallacy

Answer 30

people make decisions on a current situation because of the last

Question 31

analogical problem

Answer 31

trying to solve a current problem through similar findings of a problem similar to ours

Question 32

functional fixidness

Answer 32

believing that an objects purpose is for only one thing ex. the brick

Question 33

syllogistical reasoning

Answer 33

two statements form a conclusion that is true