chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
learning
a change to an organisms behaviour
learn by association our minds naturally connect events that occur inn sequence
classical conditioning
is the process of learning associations between one or two stimuli example
1. seeing lightening
2 hearing lightening
Ivan pavlov
classical conditioning elucidated classical conditioning
studied digestive system
salivation of dogs
before conditioning salivation of dogs
bell ring (neutral stimulus)
unconditioned stimulus (food) unconditioned response (dog salivates)
during acquisition dog salvation
pavlov put all stimulus all together with the bell, food and dog responded with UR causing association
conditioning with salvation with dogs
after the dog learned association the bell became the conditional stimulus because the dog has a conditioned response with the bell
operant conditioning
forming associations between behaviour and the outcomes of that behaviour usually with rewards
Edward Thorndike
Throdikes law of effect: cat trapped in a box and scratching to get out Edward measured the time to escape and successive trials in the puzzle box
fixed interval schedule
there is a fixed time period between reinforcers
example: weekly pay check for performing your job this is reinforcement every 7 days
variable interval schedule
there is an unpredictable time period between reinforcers
example a boss dropping by your office a few times throughout the day to check on progress
fixed ratio schedule
the required number of responses are always the same
example: child clean room they get a treat
variable ratio schedule
a slot machine player has no way of knowing how many times she has to play before she wins
learning by observation
process by observing the behaviour of another model rather through experience
elements of observational learning
mirror neurons: in parietal and frontal lobe
neurons fire when another organism seen performing an action, indicates awareness of intentionality or course of future actions
stimulus generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is generalization
example conditioned to drool to bell
drool when high pitch sound is made
