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MCAT > Psych > Flashcards

Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Desirable stimulus added after behavior increases

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2
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Undesirable stimulus removed after behavior increases

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3
Q

Positive punishment

A

Undesirable stimulus added after behavior decreases

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4
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Desirable stimulus removed after behavior decreases

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5
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Future undesirable stimulus prevented, neg. reinforcement

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6
Q

Escape learning

A

Current undesirable stimulus removed, neg. reinforcement

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7
Q

Webers law

A

Shows just noticable difference, as intensity increases, differences increases

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8
Q

Webers law equation

A

delta I= IK

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9
Q

Absolute threshhold

A

intensity needed to detect

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10
Q

somatosensation

A

thermo, mechano (pressure), noci (Pain), propioperception (position)

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11
Q

What determines intensity

A

neuron firing speed

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12
Q

Vestibular system

A

balance and spatial awareness in the inner ear

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13
Q

What do canals of the ear detect

A

head rotation

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14
Q

signal detection theory

A

what point can we detect a signal? Can be a hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

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15
Q

Bottom up processing

A

how stimulus influences perception

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16
Q

Top down processing

A

use knowledge or expectations to influence perception

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17
Q

Gestalts theory uses….

A

similarity, pragnanz, proximity, conitunity (smooth path), closure (see as whole)

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18
Q

Pragnanz (gestalt)

A

organize to simplest form

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19
Q

Outer eye

A

sclera

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20
Q

Lens

A

bends light

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21
Q

Iris

A

color, controls pupil

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22
Q

cornea

A

bends light and protects eye

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23
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid in cornea

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24
Q

ciliary body

A

changes lens shape

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25
Q

pupil

A

contracts and expands to let light in

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26
Q

vitreous humor

A

gel, holds lens

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27
Q

retina

A

has photoreceptors

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28
Q

Fovea

A

has cones

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29
Q

choroid

A

nourishes outer layers

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30
Q

Photoreceptors

A

rods and cones in the retina convert light to neural impulse

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31
Q

Rods

A

sensitive, night vision, periphery

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32
Q

What happens to rods when theres light

A

rods turn off and bipolar turn on which signals ganglia to signal the brain

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33
Q

Cones

A

less, color vision, centered in fovea, shows red, green, blue, and details

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34
Q

parvocells

A

sees stationary objects, has detail and color in hypothalamus

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35
Q

mangocells

A

in hypothalamus, sees movement but no features

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36
Q

parallel processing

A

see color, form, and motion simultaneously

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37
Q

optic chiasm

A

where right and left fields converge

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38
Q

pinna

A

outer ear, funnels to auditory canal and ear drum

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39
Q

ear drum

A

vibrates bones (malleus, incus, stapes)

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40
Q

oval window

A

attatches to stapes, vibrates and then signals cochlea

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41
Q

cochlea

A

vibrations hit fluid which moves to round window which signals the organ of corti and brain via auditory nerve

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42
Q

organ of corti

A

prevents fluid from going to the oval window

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43
Q

How does the brain recieve auditory signals

A

motion triggers hair cells, which allows K and Ca to flow and release Action Potential, this stimulates auditory nerve and brain

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44
Q

basilar tuning

A

cochlea distinguished sound: high frequencies activate the base, low frequencies activates hair at apex which fires AP

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45
Q

somatosensory homunculus

A

map of body in the brain

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46
Q

vomeronasal

A

detects pheromone signals and tells amygdala

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47
Q

alpha waves

A

relaxed and awake state, low frequency

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48
Q

beta waves

A

normal wake state, concentration

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49
Q

theta waves

A

light sleep, drowsy, meditation

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50
Q

N1 sleep

A

between sleep and wake, begin to make theta waves

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51
Q

N2 sleep

A

more theta waves, sleep spindle and K (keeps us asleep)

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52
Q

N3 sleep

A

slow waves, delta is deep sleep

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53
Q

REM sleep

A

dreaming, paralyzed, brain active

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54
Q

Freuds sleep theory

A

dreams represent unconcious feelings, two types: manifest (whats happening), and latent (what the hidden meaning)

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55
Q

Activation synthesis hypothesis

A

dreams are the brain making sense of random signals from the brain stem

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56
Q

Opiates

A

decrease CNS, relax, decrease HR/BP

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57
Q

Reward pathway

A

increase dopamine, decrease seratonin

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58
Q

dopamine

A

made in VTA, sent to amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus

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59
Q

Divided attention

A

paying attention to multiple tasks

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60
Q

Selective attention

A

select and focus on certain imput while supressing irrelevant

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61
Q

inattentional blindness

A

not focused, didnt notice even though it was right in front of you

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62
Q

change blindness

A

do not notice a change

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63
Q

exogenous cues

A

attention due to physical properties

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64
Q

endogenous cues

A

involve internal knowledge to understand (name, arrow)

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65
Q

late selection

A

assign meaning then select what to bring awareness to

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66
Q

early selection

A

all information is stored then selected out for processing

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67
Q

Working memory

A

7 plus or minus 2 peices of information, short term

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68
Q

explicit memory

A

declarative, can be clearly described… facts or events

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69
Q

Types of explicit memory

A

semantic (simple, words), episodic (events)

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70
Q

Implicit memory

A

cant define clearly with words (ex: riding a bike)

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71
Q

Types of implicit memory

A

procedural or priming (influenced by previous events)

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72
Q

Encoding

A

bringing from temporary to permanent memory

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73
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new information impairs old information

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74
Q

proactive interference

A

past learning impairs new

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75
Q

what parts of memory/ reasoning decreases with age

A

recall, episodic, processing speed, divided attention

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76
Q

semantic network

A

concepts are organized by connected ideas

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77
Q

spreading activation

A

activating one area activates related concepts (due to semantic network)

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78
Q

Piagets stages of learning

A

sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete, formal

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79
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years old, object permanence

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80
Q

Pre Operational stage

A

2-7 years old, pretend play, symbols, egocentric

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81
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11 years old, conservation and math

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82
Q

Formal operational stage

A

12+ years old, morals, consequences and abstract

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83
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcut, reduces attempts to try or make decision which minimal effort

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84
Q

Availability heuristic

A

bias based on what comes to mind, memory

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85
Q

Representative heurisitc

A

quick judgements , judging as similar to prototype

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86
Q

belief perserverance bias

A

ignoring disconfirming facts

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87
Q

confirmation bias

A

seek only confirming facts

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88
Q

framing effect

A

bias based on how something is framed

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89
Q

fluid intelligence

A

reasoning

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90
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

accumulates and increases with age , ability to use knowledge

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91
Q

Theory of multiple intelligence

A

more than just book smarts, and intelligence is independent of other types.

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92
Q

What types of reasoning increases with age

A

semantic memory (until 60), crystalized, IQ, emotional reasoning

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93
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

discomfort due to inconsistent cognitions- we modify make less important, or make it matter less, or deny - in order to get harmony

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94
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

behaving differently due to one knowing that they are being observed

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95
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Discontent when people feel they are deprived of something that they feel entitled to

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96
Q

Push and pull factors

A

explain migration, what pushes someone out of one area and what drives them to a new one

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97
Q

globalization

A

increasing integration of cultures due to innovations- share money, culture, products

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98
Q

social capital

A

friends, family

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99
Q

cultural capital

A

education, hardwork, attractiveness

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100
Q

cultural relativism

A

theres no right or wrong cultural practices

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101
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging ones culture relative to your own

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102
Q

Brocas area

A

speech, expression, left frontal

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103
Q

Wernickes

A

understanding, temporal

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104
Q

What connects brocas and wernickes area

A

arcurate fasiculus

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105
Q

agraphia

A

cant write

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106
Q

anomia

A

cant name

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107
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects 2 brain hemispheres

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108
Q

universalism

A

thoughts come before language, thoughts determine language

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109
Q

Piagent theory of language

A

thoughts influence language

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110
Q

Vigotsky theory of language

A

language and though are independent but we learn to connect them

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111
Q

linguistic determinism (weak vs. strong)

A

language influences thought … wharfian belives it determines thought (strong determinism)

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112
Q

Nativist

A

children are born with the ability to learn language, critical period (0-9)

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113
Q

Learning theory

A

language is acquired through reinforcement

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114
Q

Interactionist

A

biological and social factors interact for language

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115
Q

Limbic system

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus

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116
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station, connects to reticular

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117
Q

amygdala

A

emotions

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118
Q

hippocampus

A

short to long term memory

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119
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulated Autonomic NS and hormone release, physiological component of emotion

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120
Q

What sides of the brain affects emotion

A

positive on left, negative on right

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121
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

modulates emotions/ behavior

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122
Q

Autonomic NS

A

bodily reactions. Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

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123
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

fight or flight: pupils dialate, decrease digestions, increase HR, RR glucose, and adrenaline

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124
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

rest and digest: pupils constrict, increase digestions, decresase HR, increase glucose storage

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125
Q

universal emotions

A

happy, sad, disgust, fear, anger, surprise, contempt

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126
Q

Cannon Bard theory

A

physiological response and emotions are simultaneous, but independent - subcortical part of brain

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127
Q

Lazarus theory

A

Labels and appraisal lead to emotions, based on experiences, culture, and situation

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128
Q

Types of stress

A

primary is irrelevant, secondary is harm/ threat

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129
Q

Types of stressors

A

life change, catastrophy, daily hassles, ambient stressors (unaware, integrated into society, ex is pollution)

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130
Q

Areas of brain involved in stress

A

frontal cortex, hippocampus

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131
Q

Brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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132
Q

Afferent neurons

A

to CNS

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133
Q

Efferent neurons

A

away from CNS

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134
Q

atrophy vs. hypotonia

A

atrophy is decrease in muscle bulk, hypotonia is decrease in muscle tone

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135
Q

white matter

A

myelinated, outside of spine, inner brain

136
Q

grey matter

A

neuron somas, outside of brain, inner spine

137
Q

parietal

A

somatosensory, spatial awareness

138
Q

occipital

A

vision

139
Q

temporal

A

auditory, wernickes

140
Q

reticular formation

A

filter, sleep/wake, alertness

141
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates movement, voluntary , motor plans

142
Q

glutamate

A

reticular activating, conciousness

143
Q

acetylcholine

A

basal and septal nuclei

144
Q

histamine

A

hypothalamus

145
Q

Norepinephrine

A

pons

146
Q

serotonin

A

brain stem

147
Q

CAT scan

A

X ray image of brain

148
Q

MRI

A

radiowaves with magnetic fields, makes a more detailed image

149
Q

EEG

A

electrodes show electric activity

150
Q

fMRI

A

measure oxygenated blood in brain to see active

151
Q

PET scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected to see whats active

152
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

regulates calcium

153
Q

Rooting reflex

A

stroke cheeck, turn towards

154
Q

babinsky reflex

A

stroke foot, curl toes

155
Q

Moro-reflex

A

Startle-> throw arms forward

156
Q

temperment

A

emotional reactivity, established at birth and persists with age

157
Q

drive reduction theory

A

interaction of drives and needs

158
Q

optimal arousal

A

seek excitement and full alertness

159
Q

cognitive approach

A

rational decisions

160
Q

Maslows Needs

A

Physiological, saftey, love, esteem, self actualization

161
Q

Incentive theory

A

positive reinforcement through positive stimulation, positive meaning towards behavior

162
Q

Attitude

A

learned tendency to evaluate theory (affective, behavior, and cognitive)

163
Q

Behavior process model

A

attitude/events influence behavior

164
Q

planned behavior

A

intentions influence attitude and behavior

165
Q

prototype willingness model

A

previous behavior, attitudes, norms, intentions, willingness, and prototypes influence behavior

166
Q

Elaboration liklihood for persuasion

A

why/how, quality of argument and nonverbal cue influence persuasion, shapes attitudes and behavior

167
Q

Methods of how behavior shapes attitudes

A

foot in door (agree to small then larger), role playing (when you adopt new roles it becomes normal)

168
Q

attribution

A

infer causes of behavior and events based on consistency/ distinctiveness

169
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

childhood and unconcious desires influence behavior

170
Q

Freud psychoanalytic perspective

A

libido- fuels- fixation at stage influences personality and causes conflict

171
Q

id

A

unconcious, immediate gratification

172
Q

ego

A

perception, thoughts, judgements- long term gratification

173
Q

superego

A

moral, concious

174
Q

Freudian slip

A

mental slip, conflict between stage and gratification

175
Q

Humanistic theory

A

free will, can reach self actualization, behavior is determined by concious, and we are inherently good

176
Q

behavior theory

A

personality is due to interactions between individual and enviornment

177
Q

Operant conditioning

A

reward and punishment to change behavior

178
Q

Classical conditioning

A

creates associations, leared response when paired with unconditioned stimulus or response. Becomes conditioned when learned

179
Q

BIG 5 personality traits

A

openness, conscientious, extravert, agreeable, neurotocism

180
Q

Schizophrenia

A

increase of dopamine, disorganized, delusions, hallucinations, isolation. Involves altered frontal or temporal lobes. Mesocortical limbic pathway

181
Q

Depression

A

hopelessness, affects day to day. Frontal and limbic structures. Imbalanced cortisol

182
Q

PTSD

A

bad memories of past events impact life. Last more than four weeks AFTER event

183
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

any symptom, causes worry and stress

184
Q

Conversion disorder

A

unexplainable neuro symptoms

185
Q

Facticious disorder

A

faking something for attention

186
Q

Personality disorder

A

A= Odd, ecentric, B: dramatic, emotional, C: anxiety/fear

187
Q

Types of A personality disorders

A

paranoid, schizoid (emotionally detattched), shizotypal (odd beliefs, detatched)

188
Q

Types of B personality disorders

A

antisocial, borderline (unstable, impulsive), histronic (attention seeking), narcisisstic

189
Q

Types of C personality disorders

A

avoidant, dependendent, obsessive or compulsive pd (order and control)

190
Q

Parkinsons

A

motor abornmalities, metal dysfunction, tremor, slow, poor balance- loss of substantia niagra (poor communication between neurons)

191
Q

Major depressive

A

prolonged helpless, lack of energy, decreased self esteem, decreased activity of prefrontal cortex

192
Q

Bipolar disorder 1 vs. 2

A

1: full mania, extreme 2: hypomania, mild

193
Q

group polarization

A

amplifies original opinion, confirmation bias. People leave feeling more confident

194
Q

group think

A

prioritizes harmony

195
Q

Milgram experiement

A

Can people commit horrific acts under orders? yes- people will obey even if harming

196
Q

Zimbardo stanford prison experiement

A

how social norms influence behavior. People adopt officer role and exhibit harsh control. How situation influences behavior

197
Q

What influences obediance?

A

group unity, unaminity, admiration, observationsal influence, proximity, authority, defiance model

198
Q

Bystander effect

A

when responsibility is diffused, we are less likely to help

199
Q

deindividuation

A

tendency to act impulsive or anti social as identity is concealed

200
Q

social facilitation

A

change in performance due to audience/ arousal. Presence of others increases likelihood of dominant response

201
Q

social loafing

A

reduced effort in a group (due to ones individual effort not being evaluated)

202
Q

taboos

A

forbiden behavior

203
Q

mores

A

based on moral values

204
Q

folkways

A

everyday courtesies

205
Q

deviance

A

violate normes

206
Q

differential association

A

deviance is learned from others

207
Q

labelling theory

A

deviance depends on societal judgement

208
Q

strain theory

A

blocked goals leads to deviance, pressure due to social factors leads to deviance (access to goals determines deviance)

209
Q

collective behavior

A

rapid actions that defy norms, short lived

210
Q

FADS

A

popular quick, and unpopular quick

211
Q

Mass hysteria

A

dellusion and anxiety spreads

212
Q

riots

A

chaotic acts of defiance

213
Q

generalization

A

similar stimuli elicit the same response

214
Q

discrimination response

A

helps differentiation of response to different stimuli

215
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior vs. consequences (reinforcement/ punishment) - result of behavior (NOT A TRIGGER)

216
Q

Positive reinforcement vs. negative reinforcement

A

positive add to encourage behavior, negative removes to encourage behavior

217
Q

positive vs. negative punishment

A

positive adds a consequence to deter behavior, negative removes something to decrease behavior

218
Q

shaping

A

oerant conditioning that is gradual leads to target

219
Q

habituation

A

decrease in the response to a stimulus after prolonged experience to stimulus

220
Q

escape learning

A

reaction to terminate unpleasant stimulus

221
Q

avoidant learning

A

prevent a unpleasant stimulus

222
Q

Bobo experiement

A

learn agression by observing

223
Q

learning performance distinction

A

not performing a behavior does not mean they did not learn

224
Q

banduras theory

A

attention, memory, imitation, motivation

225
Q

non associative learning

A

no reinforcement/ punishment. Habituation and sensitization

226
Q

sensitization

A

increase response when more stimulus

227
Q

Elaboration liklihood model

A

central: deep thinking will lead to long lasting attitude change. Peripheral: superficial thinking will lead to temporary attitude change (decreased interest, motivation, importance)

228
Q

recipricoal determinism

A

behavior, cognition, and enviornment interact with and influence behavior

229
Q

Self concept

A

how one percieves self

230
Q

Self esteem

A

respect one has for self

231
Q

Self efficacy

A

belief in ones capability to succeed

232
Q

freud psychosexual stages

A

issues between tension and pleasure… fixation at one stage affects adulthood- oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

233
Q

Freud oral stage

A

mouth, 0-1, feeding- smoke, eat, nailbite

234
Q

Freud Phallic stage

A

genitals- 3-6, oediups-> sexual dysfunction

235
Q

Freud Anal Stage

A

anus, 1-3, toilet training -> order/mess

236
Q

Freud latent stage

A

6-12, socialism

237
Q

Freud genital stage

A

12+, sexual maturity-> healthy

238
Q

Kohlberg stages of morals

A

premoral, conventional, post conventional

239
Q

Pre-moral development

A

obediance vs. punishment, individual vs, exchange (different views)

240
Q

Conventional moral development

A

good boy and good girl (Conform) and social order

241
Q

Post conventional development

A

social contract and universal ethics

242
Q

stereotype

A

overgenerative, attribute a trait to group, can lead to prejudice and discrimination. COGNITIVE

243
Q

Looking glass self theory

A

self image is shaped by perception of how others see us (how we appear, how they evaluate us, how we develop feelings based on these impressions)

244
Q

fundamental attribution theory

A

attribute others errors to internal, we blame other people - but we attribute our own errors to external (shows actor observer bias)

245
Q

collectivist attiubtion theory

A

failure is internal, but success is external

246
Q

self serving bias

A

when we succeed, we think of personal qualities. Protects self esteem. external bias when theres a negative outcome

247
Q

prejudice

A

emotional

248
Q

discrimination

A

behavioral, differential treatment and harmful actions

249
Q

stereotype threat

A

negative stereotypes can harm performance

250
Q

self fufilling prophecy

A

internal stereotypes are reinforced over time- can become true

251
Q

authoritarian personality

A

obediant to superior, certain personalities are more prone to prejudice (helps to cope)

252
Q

frustration agression hypothesis

A

link frustration to prejudice, rechannel towards source (minority) when builds up- scapegoating

253
Q

self stigma

A

people internalize negative views, affects esteem

254
Q

primacy vs recency bias

A

primacy is importance of first impression, recency is importance of recent actions- midde events are overlooked

255
Q

halo vs. devil effect

A

positive overall impression leads us to mark all traits as good, negative= percieve as poor

256
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

people get outcomes they deserve, rationalize fortunes and misfortunes but dont focus on situations

257
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure will increase liking

258
Q

attractive traits

A

clear skin, young, symmetric, AVERAGE

259
Q

harlow monkey experiment

A

attatchment is based on comfort, not nourishment- chose cloth mother vs. wire mother with food

260
Q

altruism traits

A

kindness towards others, influenced by kinship, recipricoal benefits, and social signals

261
Q

emotional support

A

love, affection, trust

262
Q

esteem support

A

encouragement

263
Q

informational support

A

advice

264
Q

companionship

A

social belonging

265
Q

role strain

A

stress due to demands of a single role

266
Q

role conflict

A

when demands of multiple roles clash

267
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

how human behavior changes in social stages (front stage vs. backstage (private, we can be our selves)

268
Q

ulitarian

A

members paid for effors

269
Q

normative

A

shared goals leads to unity

270
Q

bureacracy

A

structures and organizations, keeps them running. values efficient goals, has clear heirarchy

271
Q

law of oligarchy

A

people at the top will come to prioritize staying in power instead of group goals

272
Q

McDonaldization

A

policies of a fast food chain dominate other things. Traits (efficient, control, predictable, quantifiable)

273
Q

ideal beuracracy

A

WEBER, formal selection and rules, impersonal, divided labor, career orientation (follow rules), heirarchy

274
Q

Peter principle

A

people will get promoted until they are incompetent (cannot move up any more)

275
Q

Assortative mating

A

mate with those who are similar, will increase fitness

276
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

looks at number of offspring, how they support them, and how they support eachother

277
Q

evoultionary game theory

A

behaviors evolve for survival and reproduction. Stradegies depend on group behaviors

278
Q

Altruism

A

concern for others - risk individual to benefit group

279
Q

social exchange theory

A

atruism exists when benefits outweigh costs

280
Q

macrosocial

A

large scale, analyze patterns

281
Q

microsocial

A

small scale, how interactions influence patterns

282
Q

functionalism

A

society as interconnected structures working towards equilibrium and stability- not focused on individual

283
Q

latent function vs. manifest function

A

latent is unintended, manifest is intended outcome

284
Q

capitalism

A

economic inequality leads to social change (facory vs. workers- strive to move up, interdependent)

285
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on inqualities between groups, social life is a competition between resources and power- they argue for power to change the status quo/ society

286
Q

social constructionism

A

knowledge and reality are shaped by social agreement - weak is basic truth and fact. Strong is reality, and depends on social constructs

287
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

actions are based on assigned meaning to things

288
Q

rational choice theory

A

people make choices to maximize personal gain / assess cost benefit

289
Q

exchange theory

A

rewards and punishment influence behavior - want max reward

290
Q

gender identity

A

perception of self

291
Q

moderinzation theory

A

all countries develop similarily (from lower to modern)

292
Q

dependency theory

A

shows inequalities, poor gives resources to developed countries but remains poor, based on how they are integrated into worl theory, remain dependent and cannot grow

293
Q

world systems theory

A

world as unit, fluid model where peripheral nations are underdeveloped, sell raw products to wealthier countries- can increase value of a product by turning into luxury item- both remain in same social status - inequal wealth

294
Q

relative deprivation theory

A

deprived-> deserve better -> current methods wont help (think they deserve better in compared to someone else, leads to feeling of inequality)

295
Q

resource mobilization theory

A

success of social movement depends on resources

296
Q

What happens during action potential process

A

AP causes voltage change towards threshhold. Na channels open causing depolarization, they close, K opens and cell hyperpolarizes

297
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

too much K leaves cell via K leak channels and voltage K channels. When too low, K closesn

298
Q

Steps of AP release

A

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

299
Q

Na K pump

A

3 sodium bind, aptase converts ATP to ADP, causing a shape change so Na can leave on other side, and 2 K bind, shape change, released inside (3 Na out, 2 K in- outside is more +)

300
Q

What does posterior pituitary secrete

A

oxytocin and vassopressin

301
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A

glutamate (excitatory), glycine, GABA

302
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters

A

opioids, endorphins

303
Q

monoamine neurotransmitters

A

seratonin, histamine, CAT, epi, norepi, dopamine, catecholamines

304
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

language impacts our cognitive process and perception of the world

305
Q

Where does the VTA send dopamine

A

amygdala (emotions), nucleus accumbens (motor), prefrontal cortex (attention/ planning), hippocampus (memory)

306
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus- reward pathway

307
Q

Assimilation

A

we incorporate new experiences according to current schemas

308
Q

Accommodation

A

we adjust existing schemas to incorporate new experience (CHANGE)

309
Q

disequilibrium

A

something doesnt fit into current schema so we have to accomodate to restore equilibrium

310
Q

Normative social influence

A

Asch Experiment: Participants conform to groups incorrect answer at least once due to percieved pressure to fit in with those around

311
Q

Informational social influence

A

doubted wrong response, if they all give answer it must be correct, they are better informed

312
Q

ecological validity

A

conditions in study mimic real world

313
Q

actor observer bias

A

actors explain own behavior as related to external situation, but observers explain behavior as related to internal factors

314
Q

cognitive appraisal theory

A

personal interpretation of situations that trigger stress

315
Q

Schaeter singer theory

A

interaction of physiological arousal and cognition creates emotion (arousal is cognitivley interpreted within context leading to emotion)

316
Q

James Lange theory

A

emotions arise from physiological arousal (perception of body changes leads to emotion) Ex. increase HR then feel fear

317
Q

external validity

A

generalization, applying results to population

318
Q

internal validity

A

does it show a causal relationship

319
Q

reliability

A

stable, consistent, replicable results

320
Q

validity

A

did it measure what it was trying to measure

321
Q

right skewed

A

median < mean… peak on right

322
Q

bourgeoisie vs. proleteriat

A

bourgeoisie is minority, proleteriat is majority (workers with little resources) are interdependent

323
Q

social disorganization theory

A

crime is most likely to occur in areas with weak social ties

324
Q

cultural deviance theory

A

conforming to social norms of lower class leads to crime

325
Q

differntial association theory

A

people learn deviant behaviors from people close to them

326
Q

medicalization

A

the process in which something is treated as a medical issue

327
Q

semantic memory

A

recall words

328
Q

What type of drug is cocaine

A

stimulant

329
Q

malthusian theory

A

war, famine, disease control population numbers and keep it in check, also have preventative checks (birth control)

330
Q

zero population growth theory

A

enviornment influences population, want zero growth as we move to enviornmental collapse due to privledged people

331
Q

cornucopian theory

A

human ingenuity can resolve enviornmental or social issues

332
Q

What happens to population before industrialization

A

starts with high birth, death (before) then high birth, low death, high life expectance during industrialization

333
Q

What happens to population after industrialization

A

birth rate declined, exptancy increases. then after complete change, birth and death are low. High expectancy= stabilize

334
Q

demographic transition model

A

population growth model, explores population growth/death/expectancy before, during, and after industrialization (high rate to low)

335
Q

cognitive schema

A

knowledge structures that determine ones expectations in different contexts

336
Q

intersectionality

A

overlap between different identities that we hold

MCAT (7 decks)

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